2. Section 2 Review 1. Seismic waves carry the energy of an EQ away from the focus. Some of those waves reach the surface and become surface waves. 2… P-waves-compress and expand; move through solids and liquids; fastests waves. P-waves-compress and expand; move through solids and liquids; fastests waves. S-waves- side to side and up and down; solids only; slower than P-waves. S-waves- side to side and up and down; solids only; slower than P-waves. Surface waves- When p or s waves reach the surface; most destructive and slowest moving. Surface waves- When p or s waves reach the surface; most destructive and slowest moving. 3. Data from electronic seismographs rate the strength of the EQ on the moment magnitude scale. 4. Energy released from the focus can travel very far. The type of rock and soil around the epicenter can affect how much the ground shakes.

3. Earthquake Hazards and Safety

4. 1- What kinds of damage can earthquakes cause? The severe shaking produced by seismic waves can damage or destroy buildings and bridges, topple utility poles, and fracture gas and water mains.

6. 2- How do local soil conditions affect earthquake damage? Loose soil will allow more violent shaking than solid rock surfaces.

7. 3- What is liquefaction and how does it cause damage during an earthquake? Liquefaction is when the shaking from an earthquake causes soft soil to turn to mud. Liquefaction can cause landslides. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WoKu5VxKgs

8. 4- What is an aftershock? An aftershock is an earthquake that occurs after a larger earthquake in the same area. They can occur hours, days, or months after the first earthquake.

9. 5- What is a tsunami and how can it cause damage during an earthquake? A tsunami is a large wave caused by the displacement of water during an under water earthquake. They cause damage along coastlines. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6EgMMrhdIhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6EgMMrhdI Alaska https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yN6EgMMrhdI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w3AdFjklR50https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w3AdFjklR50 Japan (1:17) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w3AdFjklR50

11. 6- What types areas should be avoided when building a structure? When building, areas that should be avoided are near steep slopes, filled land, soft soil and near faults.

12. 7- How can buildings be made to better withstand earthquakes? Buildings can be reinforced, strengthened and made flexible or anchored to solid rock. Buildings can be reinforced, strengthened and made flexible or anchored to solid rock. Base isolated buildings are a type of building that is designed to reduce the amount of energy that reaches the building during an earthquake. Base isolated buildings are a type of building that is designed to reduce the amount of energy that reaches the building during an earthquake.

14. 8- What is the main danger during an earthquake? The main danger during an earthquake is from falling objects and flying glass.

15. 9- If you are INSIDE during an earthquake, what should you do? Drop, cover and hold Drop, cover and hold Crouch under a table or desk to protect yourself from falling objects Crouch under a table or desk to protect yourself from falling objects Avoid windows, mirrors, wall hangings and furniture that may topple. Avoid windows, mirrors, wall hangings and furniture that may topple.

16. 10- If you are OUTSIDE during an earthquake, what should you do? Move to an open area Move to an open area Avoid vehicles, power lines, trees, buildings or other things that can topple onto you. Avoid vehicles, power lines, trees, buildings or other things that can topple onto you.

17. 11- What are the 2 MOST important things for you to do to stay safe during an earthquake?