1. The U.S. in World War I

3. The U.S. Declares Neutrality When war erupted in Europe President Wilson declared the U.S. would stay neutral. Many Americans still supported Euro nations. Many Americans viewed France as an ally.

4. U.S. Maintains Neutrality Most Americans were horrified by the brutality of the war. Some volunteered: –American Red Cross –American Ambulance Corps –French Foreign Legion U.S. continued to trade with both sides. Many American banks gave loans to the Allied Powers

6. Steps Toward War Unrestricted Submarine Warfare –Germans would sink ships to prevent supplies from reaching G.B. –Germans sank over 90 boats U.S. tanker Gunflight Lusitania (128 Americans dead) Wilson still called for neutrality Germany agreed to stop- Sussex Pledge

7. Steps Toward War Zimmermann Note –Called for Mexico to enter the war if the U.S. did. Way to keep to the American’s busy if they entered the war. –Intercepted by British intelligence. –Presented to President Wilson February 25, 1917

8. Steps Toward War Continued Unrestricted Submarine Warfare. –Feb. 1917 Germany resumes –Wilson broke off diplomatic relations –March 16 Germans sank 3 American ships

10. U.S. Declares War on Germany Wilson asked Congress to declare war. Declaration of War granted at 3am April 16, 1917.

13. Troops Headed for Europe U.S. Soldiers left for Europe filled with excitement. They had no idea what they would face in the war. “We were all scared, just as scared as human beings can be short of complete breakdown.”

15. U.S. Troops in Europe U.S. troops greatly helped the Allies on the Western Front General John Pershing U.S. troops were very inexperienced –Received intense training to make them combat ready.

16. U.S. Troops in Europe After 12 months in Europe American forces finally see combat. Just in the nick of time. –Russia backed out They performed well in battle and helped to drive Germany out of France

17. Women in World War I Jobs: –Nurses –Switchboard Operators

18. End of World War I The Allies were able to drive the Germans out of France. Central Powers began to surrender. Germans revolt and the new leader signed an armistice Nov. 11, 1918 10 mil soldiers dead. 20 mil wounded. 10 mil civilians dead. U.S. 116,000 dead- 190,000 wounded

19. Causes of WWI Rise of Nationalism in Europe Competition for colonies Arms races and militarism Hostile alliances WWI – 1914-1918 Immediate Effects Revolution in Russia Allied Victory over Central Powers Devastation of Europe Nation desires normalcy Farmers struggle to recover from postwar slump postwar slump European countries unable to pay war debts Desire to avoid future wars remains strong

20. Long-Term Effects Breakup of empires Formation of League of Nations United States as economic giant Harding and then Coolidge are elected Fordney-McCumber Tariff is passed European countries unable to pay war debts US becomes banker to the nations of Europe US sponsors Washington Naval Conference and signs the Kellogg- Briand Pact

21. Wilson’s 14 Points and the Treaty of Versailles 1. Public diplomatic negotiations and an end to secret treaties. 2. Freedom of navigation on the seas. 3. Free trade among nations. 4. Reduction of armaments to the level needed for domestic safety. 5. Fair resolution of colonial claims that arose because of the war. 6. Evacuation of Russia and restoration of its conquered territories. 7. Preservation of Belgium’s sovereignty. 8. Restoration of France’s territory, including Alsace-Lorraine. 9. Redrawing Italy’s borders according to nationalities. 10. Divide up Austria- Hungary according to nationalities. 11. Redraw the borders of the Balkan states according to nationalities. 12. Self-determination for Turks and the other nationalities under Turkish rule. 13. Creation of an independent Polish nation. 14. Creation of a League of Nations.

22. Major Provisions of the Treaty of Versailles Military Changes: Limited the German army to 100,000 men, with no tanks or heavy artillery. Limited the German navy to 15,000 men. Banned Germany from having an air force. Territory Changes: Required Germany to cede land to France, Denmark, Poland, Czech, Belgium. Required Germany to surrender all colonies to the control of the League of Nations. Germany and Austria were prohibited from uniting.

23. War-Guilt Provisions: Held Germany solely responsible for all losses and damages suffered by the Allies during the war. Required Germany to pay reparations of 269 billion gold marks, later reduced to 132 billion. Establishment of the League of Nations Did not initially permit Germany to join the league.