1. Mobilizing for War
Homefront

2. One similarity between WWI and WWII on the home front was that
A. Japanese Americans were forcibly interned
B. young men protested by burning their draft cards
C. women filled many jobs traditionally held by men
D. African Americans left the North to migrate to the South

3. Starter Japanese suicide pilots were know as _________ pilots.
A. Shinto
B. Samurai
C. Kamikaze
D. Amphtrac

4. Starter
One complaint of African Americans at the beginning of WWII was that they were
A. integrated
B. employed
C. empowered
D. disenfranchised

5. Converting the Economy
During the war American workers were
twice as productive as Germans
five times more productive than the Japanese
“American production, without which this war would have been lost”
-Joseph Stalin

6. Pre-War Preparations
When Germany entered France, FDR declared a national emergency
Built 50,000 warplanes a year
Asked for $4 billion to build a “Two-Ocean” Navy
Defense budget was at $17 billion by October 1940
Created a National Defense Advisory Committee

7. Cost-Plus Contracts
Government agreed to pay a company whatever it cost to make a product, PLUS a guaranteed percentage of the costs as profit
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
made loans to companies wanting to convert factories to war production

8. Tanks for Cars
Automobile industry was uniquely suited to mass production of military equipment
Built vehicles, artillery, rifles, mines, helmet, pontoon bridges
The auto industry produced nearly 1/3 of all military equipment

9. Liberty Ships
Henry Kaiser went from construction to ship building (built 30% of all ships)
Prefabricated parts and brought them to shipyards
Liberty Ship
basic cargo ship
Went from 244 days to build to 41 days by the end of the war
3,000 built

10. War Production Board (WPB)
Set priorities and production goals, distributed raw materials and supplies
Clashed with the military
Military continued to sign contracts without consulting the WPB

11. Office of War Mobilization (OWM)
Settled arguments between different agencies

12. Building an Army Selective Service and Training Act (1940)
first peacetime draft in American history
approved by Congress in September
More than 60,000 enlisted after Pearl Harbor
At first the army did not have the facilities or equipment to train that many

13. A Segregated Army
At the beginning of the war the military was segregated
African Americans served in separate units commanded by white officers
Most even wanted to keep them out of combat

14. “Double V” Campaign
1941 the National Urban League encouraged members to join the war effort
Support the war to get victory over Hitler’s racism abroad and racism at home

15. African Americans in Combat
FDR ordered all branches to recruit African Americans and put them into combat
1941 the Air Force created its first African American unit-- 99th Pursuit Squadron
Became known as the “Tuskegee Airmen”

16. Military bases were integrated in 1943
President Truman would fully integrate the military in 1948

17. Other Minorities in the Military
Japanese American were not allowed to serve in the military at first
Second-generation Japanese Americans served in the 100th Infantry Battalion and the 442nd Regimental Combat Team
1/2 had been in internment camps
became the most decorated units in the history of the U.S. military

18. Most minorities served in non-combat positions
Mexican Americans joined the National Guard during the 1930s and served on the front lines
Most minorities served in non-combat positions
Native Americans were the exception
1/3 between served

19. Women in the Armed Forces
Women served in WWI
Most worked in administrative and clerical positions
Women’s Auxiliary Corps (WAAC)
May 1942
First allowed women in the military
Headed by Oveta Culp Hobby

20. Women’s Army Corps (WAC)
replaced WAAC
Hobby appointed Colonel
Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs)
training began in 1942
delivered planes
300 pilots made over 12,000 deliveries of 77 kinds of planes

21. The Coast Guard, Navy, and Marines also set up women’s units
68,000 women served as nurses in the army and navy

22. Starter: African Americans pushed for a ______ victory in the war effort.
A. Tuskegee
B. Triple C
C. Double V
D. Carver

23. Life on the Home Front

24. End of the Great Depression
Created 19 million jobs
Doubled the income of the average family
Problems
Had to move where jobs were
Increased taxes, race riots, poor housing, increased juvenile delinquency, rationing

25. “Rosie the Riveter”

26. Women
Worked in airplane plants and shipyards as riveters, steelworkers, and welders
numbers increased from 12.9 to 18.8 million
Challenges
men in the workforce, childcare, and unequal pay
When the war was over many were expected to return home

27. African Americans FDR issued Executive Order 8802 on June 25, 1941
“There shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race, creed, color, or national origin”
Fair Labor Practices Commission
enforced the order
first civil rights agency since Reconstruction

28. Mexican Farmworkers Bracero Program (1942-1964)
program organized by the government
more than 200,000 Mexicans came to the Southwest to work

29. Moving 15 million moved during the war Housing Crisis
most moved west and south
Sunbelt: southern California and into the Deep South
Housing Crisis
Lanham Act (1940): provided $150 million for housing
National Housing Agency (NHA): coordinated government housing

30. The Zoot Suit Riots Worn by Mexican American teenagers in California
June 1943
rumors that zoot-suiters attacked sailors caused 2,500 soldiers and sailors to attack Mexican American neighborhoods in LA

31. War Bonds
Federal spending increased from $8.9 billion in 1939 to $95.2 billion in 1945
Costs from 1941 to 1945 totaled $321 billion
Higher taxes paid for much of the war
Began selling bonds in 1941
Total sales reached $186 billion

34. Pop Culture
Income levels rise because of jobs created in wartime industry
“Baby Boom”
Books and movies (Casablanca)
Baseball
4,000 of 5,700 major and minor league players were in the service
1943 Philip Wrigley founded the AAGSL that became the AAGBL in 1945

35. Shortages and Controls
More war production=less consumer goods
Office of Price Administration (OPA) began rationing tires and other goods to fairly distribute scarce items
Ration books of coupons for certain goods including gasoline
Victory Gardens

36. How did the federal government control the economy during the war?
The government controlled the economy through wage and price controls, rationing, and the selling of bonds to pay for the war.

37. Starter
The Office of Price Administration began rationing, or limiting the availability of, many consumer products to make sure enough were available for
A. military use
B. the elderly
C. children
D. schools

39. Japanese Internment
In 1941 there were only about 127,000 in the U.S., most lived on the west coast
Nisei- born in the U.S. From parents who emigrated from Japan
Feb. 19, 1942 FDR signed an order that allowed the Secretary of War to establish military zones on the west coast and remove anyone from those zones

40. Internment
War Relocation Authority - set up to move everyone of Japanese descent to internment camps (110,000)
Many lost their homes and businesses

41. Camps were in isolated areas
Wooden barracks with barbed wire and guards around the outside

43. Italian and German American Relocation
FDR declared any unnaturalized residents of German or Italian descent 14 or over were designated enemy aliens
travel restrictions, ID cards
5,000 were interned in Montana and North Dakota

44. In early 1945 they were allowed to leave
In 1988 Congress passed a law awarding each surviving internee $20,000
20,000 served in the military
442nd Regimental Combat Team fought in France and Germany and won more medals than any other unit

45. In the case Korematsu v. the United States, the Supreme Court ruled that relocation of Japanese Americans was
A. constitutional because it was based on military urgency
B. unconstitutional, and they had to be released at once
C. constitutional, but the government had to pay them property losses
D. unconstitutional because it was based on race

46. United Nations
FDR believed a new organization could be created to prevent another war
39 delegates met in 1944 in D.C.
Created the United Nations

47. General Assembly each member had 1 vote
vote on resolutions, choose non-permanent members of the security council, vote on budget

48. responsible for international peace and security
Security Council
responsible for international peace and security
11 members
5 permanent members with veto power
Britain, France, China, Soviet Union, United States

49. Charter officially signed on April 25, 1945
Commission on Human Rights issued the Universal Declaration on Human Rights on 1948
lists 30 rights for all human beings in all societies

50. Starter
In what way did the Treaty of Versailles lead to world conflict?
A. it created the League of Nations
B. it partitioned Russia
C. it forced England and France to disarm
D. it led to the economic and political instability of Germany