1. Chapter 24 section 2 Power Point
The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes

2. BIG IDEA
Democracy was under threat in Europe. France and Great Britain remained democratic, but new kinds of dictatorships began to emerge in Italy, France, and Spain. Fascism in Italy, Totalitarianism in Russia, and Authoritarian in Spain.

3. Rise of Dictators By 1939, only 2 democracy’s prevailed in Europe
A Totalitarian regime was a new type of government with the goal of controlling the following:
Political, Social, Economic, Intellectual, and Cultural aspects of the people’s minds

4. Totalitarian Goals
They wanted to conquer the minds and hearts of their people.
Mass propaganda and high speed modern communication was used to achieve this.
The masses (people) were expected to be actively involved in achieving state goals.
This could include war, a socialist state, or a thousand year empire. (This was Hitler’s goal)

5. Fascism in Italy Fascism grew out of unrest in Italy
Italy also suffered from the great depression, and inflation soared
Workers in agriculture and industry both led massive strikes.
The middle class of Italy feared the unrest, and a communist takeover even more.
What reasons would they be fearful of this?

6. Benito Mussolini
In the early 1920’s he set up Europe's first Fascist state.
Fascism glorifies the state above the individual.
Emphasizes the need for a strong central government with a dictorial ruler
The government also stifles all opposition

8. How was Mussolini able to gain power?
The middle class was fearful of a communist takeover like in Russia
Also a fear of the general disorder in Italy
These factors made the fascists attractive
He used Nationalistic views. Many Italians were angry that they didn’t gain more territory after WWI.
King Victor Emanuel made Mussolini the new prime minister

9. New rules under Mussolini
Government could stop any publications against the church or monarchy
Mussolini could make any laws just by decree
Police had unrestricted authority
All political parties were outlawed!
OVRA was the secret police
By 1926 Mussolini was name Il Duce- The Leader.

10. Fascist State: How was power held?
OVRA watched citizen’s political activity and enforced government policy
Controlled mass media and used propaganda.
Most was simple like this: “Mussolini is always right!”
Goal was to create a new nation of Italians

12. Young Italians
Approximately 66% of all 8-18 year olds were members of Fascist youth groups
These programs were designed to turn all Italians into fascists.
These programs were not very successful
Many lifestyles of Italians stayed the same
The power structure in Italy also remained in place.
Vatican city was given to the Catholic church

13. A New Era in the U.S.S.R.
War communism was the new economic policy implemented by Lenin.
Government controlled most industries
Seized grain from peasants for the army
Peasants responded by hoarding the food
This, coupled with drought led to a famine between the years 1929 and 1923 where over 5 million people died!
By 1921, Russia’s industrial input was only 20% of its 1913 level. Russia was in BIG trouble!

15. Lenin’s New Economic Policy
Starting in March of 1921, Lenin began pulling Russia back out of the abyss
He abandons war communism for the NEP, or New Economic Policy
Allowed more capitalist economic policy
Peasants could sell their products openly
Businesses with 20 or fewer employees could be owned privately
Larger industries were still government owned.
Russia sees a much improved economy as a result of the NEP

16. The Soviet Union
In 1922, Russia officially becomes the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or U.S.S.R. Also the Soviet Union for short
The NEP had saved the nation from chaos, but was only a temporary solution.
The true goals of communism would soon return.

17. Industrialization Lenin dies in 1924. What happens next?
Power struggle in the politburo’s 7 members
One group led by Leon Trotsky wanted to end the NEP, industrialize the nation, and spread communism around the world.
Another group representing the people wanted to keep the NEP, did not want to spread communism. Instead they wanted to focus on building a socialist state. They believed industrialization would hurt the peasants.

19. Rise of Stalin
Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin were rivals within the same group.
Trotsky- War commissar ( he ran the army)
Stalin- Party general secretary (he appointed regional, district, city and town officials all over the Soviet Union)
Which of the two above positions do you think held more power? Why?

20. Trotsky/Lenin

21. Rise of Stalin
Stalin ends up gaining support around the country from the thousands of appointees he made from his position
He takes power and establishes a dictatorship
Trotsky escapes to Mexico where he is murdered. Many believe it was ordered by Stalin

23. Stalin’s Early Impact
The beginning of Stalin’s reign was the beginning of an economic, social, and political revolution, that was larger than the revolutions of Why?
He ended the NEP
Changed the country from agrarian to industrial over night
Eliminated all of those who opposed him

24. 5 year plans He instituted 5 year plans
These were economic goals for 5 year increments
The industrial change was focused on building military products and capital goods such as heavy machines for factories.
During this first 5 year period production of heavy machinery increased 4 times, oil production doubled, and steel production grew from 4 to 18 million tons.

25. Cost of Stalin’s Programs
The costs of Stalin’s programs were enormous
Between 1932 and 1940, the labor force increased by several million, yet investment in housing declined
Living conditions in cities were terrible
Wages actually decreased by 43 % !
Laws limited human movement. If you had a job, the government told you where you lived and if and when you could travel.

26. Collectivization
Collectivization was a system where the government eliminated all private farms. Instead the government owned them and the peasants worked on them. Over 10 million peasant households were collectivized
Peasants began hoarding food and killing livestock.
The resulting famine killed 10 million people between 1932 and 1933.

27. Result of famine in the Ukraine.

28. Reign of Terror
Anyone who opposed Stalin’s plans were sent to prison camps in Siberia, or just simply killed.
This period was known as the reign of terror.
Bolsheviks, Army officers, Diplomats, Union officials, and intellectuals were sought out. 8 million individuals were arrested and send to Siberian labor camps. None of them ever returned.

31. Authoritarian States (difference with totalitarian)
Totalitarian- Government controls ALL aspects of its citizens lives.
Authoritarian- Adopted some aspects of the totalitarian regimes, such as police powers, yet they did not want to create a new kind of mass society. Instead they wanted to preserve the existing social order.

32. Eastern Europe Why did this happen?
After World War I, Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Yugoslavia all formed democracies.
Soon thereafter they were all replaced with authoritative regimes.
Why did this happen?

33. Reasons for Democracy’s Failure in the East
Mostly a rural and agrarian region
Most people were illiterate
No history of democracy in this region
Large land owners dominated most of the land and they feared peasants
Ethnic conflict was also a problem in this region.
Because of these reasons, landowners, churches, and some middle class citizens looked to authoritative regimes for protection and stability.

34. Spain After 1931, the second republic began falling apart.
Rivalries between political parties and personal rivalries between their leaders tore the nation apart.

35. Francisco Franco This man rose to power in the military
Became the youngest General in Europe
When chaos erupted in the country, his army clashed with the republic’s government (democratic)
This led to a long and brutal civil war

36. Spanish Civil War Foreign intervention complicated this war
Italy and Germany helped Franco
Sent weapons, money, and soldiers
Hitler used the Spanish civil war as a testing ground for his new Air Force
The city of Guernica was destroyed
Pablo Picasso portrayed the devastation in his famous painting, “In Guernica”

37. In Guernica

38. Spanish Republican Gov.
The Spanish government who was fighting Franco, received aid from over 40,000 foreign volunteers.
The Soviet Union sent trucks, planes, tanks, and military advisers.
This was not enough to help them defeat Franco.
Franco captured Madrid in 1939, ending the war.

39. Franco as Leader of Spain
He establishes a dictatorship
His government favored large landowners, business people, and the Catholic clergy.
His government did not try to control every aspect of his people’s lives however.
So……this was not a totalitarian regime, but a ________________. What’s the answer?