1. Yschen, CSIE, CCU1 Chapter 2: Introduction of Wireless and Mobile Systems Associate Prof. Yuh-Shyan Chen Dept. of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Chung-Cheng University

2. Yschen, CSIE, CCU2 In this course We will discuss the design, deployment, and operation of mobile wireless systems. The term cellular communications is often interchanged with the terms personal communication service (PCS), and the third-generation (3G) service

3. Yschen, CSIE, CCU3 Outline Cellular WLAN Bluetooth

4. Yschen, CSIE, CCU4 Cellular One of most prolific voice communication platforms that has been deployed within the last two decades Cellular systems have always been able to transport data, and many advancement in different modulation formats allow for the delivery of narrowband data. Cellular systems are unable to provide broadband data service  The bandwidth limitations  Typical data rate: 9 kilobits per second (Kbit/s)

5. Yschen, CSIE, CCU5 Generic Cellular System

6. Yschen, CSIE, CCU6 MSC MSC (Mobile Switching Center)  That in turn connects to the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) or postal, telegraph, and telephone (PTT) systems

7. Yschen, CSIE, CCU7 Their main usefulness in their capability to maintain the same contact number even if the user moves from one location to another

8. Yschen, CSIE, CCU8 Maintaining the telephone number in a wireless and mobile system

9. Yschen, CSIE, CCU9 Cellular Cellular communication is the form of wireless that allows for  Frequency reuse  Mobility of the subscriber  Handoffs Typically, the reference of cellular system is AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) or TACS (Total-Access Communications System)

10. Yschen, CSIE, CCU10 First-Generation Wireless System and Service

11. Yschen, CSIE, CCU11 Cellular AMPS operates in the 800 –MHz band  821 to 849 MHz for the base station receive  869 to 894 MHz for the base station transmit  North America TACS  890 to 915 MHz for the base station receive  935 to 960 MHz for the base station transmit

12. Yschen, CSIE, CCU12 Cellular Many other technologies  SMR (Specialized Mobile Radio)  IS-136  iDEN (Integrated Dispatch Enhanced Network) Cellular radio was initially developed by AT&T (Bell Lab.)  To provide additional radio capacity for a geographic customer service area.

13. Yschen, CSIE, CCU13 Cellular MTS (Mobile Telephone System)  Initial mobile systmes IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone System) One of the main problem  A mobile call could not be transferred (handed off) from one radio station to another without loss of singnal This problem was resolved by reusing the allocated frequencies of the system With the handoff problem solved, the market was able to offer higher radio traffic capacity  Allows for more users than with the MTS or IMTS

14. Yschen, CSIE, CCU14 Cellular The cellular systems in USA are broken into  MSAs (Metropolitan Statistical Areas) A-band system  RSAs (Rural Statistical Areas) B-band system The A band is nonwireline system, and B band is the wireline system for the MSA and RSA.

15. Yschen, CSIE, CCU15 Advanced mobile phone system (AMPS) The cellular standard developed for use in North America This type of system operates in the 800- MHz frequency Also developed in South America, Asia, and Russia

16. Yschen, CSIE, CCU16 Nordic mobile telephone (NMT) Developed by the Nordic countries of Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Norway in 1981. Operate in the 450- (NMT 450) and 900- MHz (NMT 900) frequency bands.

17. Yschen, CSIE, CCU17 Second-Generation Wireless System and Service

18. Yschen, CSIE, CCU18 Code-division multiple access (CDMA) An alternative digital cellular standard in the United States Utilizes the IS-95 standard and is implemented as the next generation for cellular systems. The CDMA system coexists with the current analog system

19. Yschen, CSIE, CCU19 Digial AMPS (D-AMPS) Also called North American Digital Cellular (NADC) The D-AMPS is designed to coexist with current cellular systems Relies on both the IS-54 and the IS-136 standards

20. Yschen, CSIE, CCU20 Global system for mobile communication (GSM) The European standard for digital cellular systems operating in the 900-MHs band This technology offers international roaming, high speed quality, increased security, and the ability to develop advanced system features It was completed by a consortium of 80 pan-European countries working together  To provide integrated cellular systems across different borders and cultures

21. Yschen, CSIE, CCU21 Total-access communications system (TACS) Derived from AMPS technology The first system was implemented in England Later these systems were installed in Europe, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, and the Middle East A variation of this standard (JTACS) was implemented in Japan

22. Yschen, CSIE, CCU22 Integrated dispatch enhanced network (iDEN) iDEN utilizes a digital radio format called quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and is a derivative of GSM

23. Yschen, CSIE, CCU23 Third-Generation Wireless System and Services

24. Yschen, CSIE, CCU24 Subscriber growth for wireless phones

25. Yschen, CSIE, CCU25 Coverage aspect of third-generation wireless communication systems

26. Yschen, CSIE, CCU26 Transmission Capacity

27. Yschen, CSIE, CCU27 Wireless Technologies and Associated Characteristics

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31. Yschen, CSIE, CCU31 Nokia Rooftop Product

32. Yschen, CSIE, CCU32 WLAN Wireless LAN (WLAN) WLAN protocol  IEEE 802.11  Bluetooth  HiperLan/2

33. Yschen, CSIE, CCU33 WLAN

34. Yschen, CSIE, CCU34 802.11 802.11a, 802.11b (WiFi), and 802.11g 802.11a operates in the 5-GHz  Unlicensed national information infrastructure (UNII) band 802.11b and 802.11g operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band along with Bluetooth See Table 1.2

35. Yschen, CSIE, CCU35 Comparisons between 802.11 and Bluetooth

36. Yschen, CSIE, CCU36 WLAN The 802.11 specifications were designed initially as a wireless extension for a corporate LAN for enterprise applications Numerous devices have been manufactured to this specification  The 802.11b protocol is a shared medium and utilizes a listen-before-talk protocol called collision sense multiple access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA)

37. Yschen, CSIE, CCU37 WLAN IEEE 802.11 is important for wireless mobility  It provides direct mobile data interoperability between LAN of a corporation and the wireless operator’s system

38. Yschen, CSIE, CCU38 HiperLan/2 Developed by European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI) Physical layer (similar with 802.11a) uses orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) and is developed in the 5-GHz band Media-specific access control protocol (MAC) layer uses time-division multiple access (TDMA) format as compared to 802.11a which uses OFDM

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40. Yschen, CSIE, CCU40 Wireless Network Models With Infrastructure: Without Infrastructure (ad hoc networks):

41. Yschen, CSIE, CCU41 Illustration of an ad hoc network

42. Yschen, CSIE, CCU42 無線隨意網路（ Multi-hop Ad Hoc Network ）

43. Yschen, CSIE, CCU43 A wireless sensor network

44. Yschen, CSIE, CCU44 感測網路（ Sensor Network ）

45. Yschen, CSIE, CCU45 Bluetooth Technology

46. Yschen, CSIE, CCU46 Bluetooth Operates in the 2.4-GHz industrial- scientific medical (ISM) band  Allowing wireless connectivity between mobile phones, PDAs, and other similar device  Is meant to replace the infrared telemetry portion on mobile phones and PDAs  Enabling extended range and flexibility in addition to enhanced service

47. Yschen, CSIE, CCU47 Bluetooth Range is from 10 to 100 meters (m) The protocol does not require line of sight (LOS) for establishing communication The pattern is omnidirectional Delivering data over radio For short distance

48. Yschen, CSIE, CCU48 Comparisons