1. THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM D. C. MIKULECKY PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY AND FACULTY MENTORING PROGRAM

2. ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM BRAIN SPINAL CORD CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AFFERENT NERVES EFFERENT NERVES EXTERO- RECEPTORS INTERO- RECEPTORS SOMATICAUTONOMIC EFFECTOR ORGANS SKELETAL MUSCLES SMOOTH AND CARDIAC MUSCLES AND GLANDS

3. NEOCORTEX THALAMUS LIMBIC CORTEX BRAIN STEM SPINAL CORD NOSE EYE TONGUE EAR SKIN SMELL VISION TASTE AUDITION SOMATIC SENSORY INFORMATION TRAVELS TO THE BRAIN VIA SPECIALIZED PATHWAYS

4. SENSORY MODALITIES AND RECEPTOR CELLS

5. GRADED VS ALL OR NONE A RECEPTOR’S RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS IS GRADED IF THRESHOLD IS EXCEEDED, THE ACTION POTENTIAL RESULTING IS ALL OR NONE

6. SENSORY MODALITIES AND RECEPTOR CELLS

7. SENSORY TRANSDUCTION ADEQUATE STIMULUS MEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE CHANGE GENERATOR POTENTIAL ACTION POTENTIAL

11. LOCALIZATION, DISTRIBUTION, AND ACUITY CODING OF LOCATION DEPENDS ON RECEPTOR LOCATION AREA COVERED BY RECEPTORS IN A SENSORY UNIT IS A RECEPTIVE FIELD ACUITY DEPENDS ON THE DENSITY OF RECEPTORS

13. SLOW PAIN OCCURS AFTER A SECOND OR MORE OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH TISSUE DESTRUCTION SUBJECTIVELY DESCRIBED AS BURNING, ACHING,THROBBING, NAUSEOUS, OR CHRONIC C FIBERS WHICH SYNAPSE IN THE SUBSTANTIA GELITANOSA FINAL PROJECTION IS THE FRONTAL CORTEX

14. MECHANICAL, CHEMICAL AND THERMAL PAIN FAST PAIN IS GENERALLY MECHANICAL OR THERMAL SLOW PAIN CAN BE ALL THREE CHEMICAL PAIN RECEPTORS: BRADYKININ, SEROTONIN, HISTAMINE, POTASSIUM IONS, ACIDS, ACETYL CHOLINE AND PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES PROSTAGLANDINS ENHANCE PAIN SENSATION

15. BRAIN STRUCTURES AND PAIN COMPLETE REMOVAL OF THE SENSORY CORTEX DOES NOT DESTROY THE ABILITY TO PERCIEVE PAIN STIMULATION OF THE SENSORY CORTEX EVOKES A SENSATION OF PAIN

16. PAIN CONTROL (ANALGESIA) THE ANALGESIA SYSTEM THE BRAIN’S OPIATE SYSTEM INHIBITION OF PAIN BY TACTILE STIMULATION TREATMENT OF PAIN BY ELECTRICAL STIMULATION REFERED PAIN

17. THE ANALGESIA SYSTEM PREAQUEDUCTAL GRAY RAPHE MAGNUS NUCLEUS PAIN INHIBITORY COMPLEX IN DORSAL HORNS

18. PAIN INHIBITORY COMPLEX: PRESYNAPTIC INHIBITION PAIN RECEPTOR BRAIN STEM.NEURON INHIBITORY NEURON ANTEROLATERAL PATHWAY DORSAL HORN OF SPINAL CORD + -

19. PAIN TRANSMISSION AND INHIBITION SUBSTANCE P IS THE NEUROTRANSMITTER: BUILDS UP SLOWLY IN THE JUNCTION AND IS SLOWLY DESTROYED PRESYNAPTIC INHIBITION BY INHIBITORY NEURON BLOCKS THE RELEASE OF SUBSTANCE P (ENKEPHALIN)

20. THE BRAIN’S OPIATE SYSTEM OPIATE RECEPTORS EXIST IN MANY CENTERS OF THE BRAIN, ESPECIALLY IN THE ANALGESIA SYSTEM AMONG THE NATURAL SUBSTANCES WHICH ACTIVATE THESE RECEPTORS ARE: ENDORPHINS, ENKEPHALINS, AND MORPHINE

21. INHIBITION OF PAIN BY TACTILE STIMULATION STIMULATION OF LARGE SENSORY FIBERS FOR TACTILE SENSATION INHIBITS PAIN TRANSMISSION FOR SAME REGION RUBBING OFTEN EASES PAIN LINAMENTS, OIL OF CLOVE, ETC. POSSIBLE EXPLANATION FOR ACUPUNCTURE?

22. TREATMENT OF PAIN BY ELECTRICAL STIMULATION STIMULATION OF LARGE SENSORY NERVES ELECTRODES IN SKIN OR SPINAL IMPLANTS INTRALAMINAR NUCLEUS OF THALAMUS

23. REFERED PAIN VISCERAL PAIN FIBERS SYNAPSE ON SAME SECONDARY NEURONS AS RECEIVE PAIN FIBERS FROM SKIN

24. THE VISUAL SYSTEM D. C. MIKULECKY PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY AND FACULTY MENTORING PROGRAM

25. THE VISUAL SYSTEM SENSES ELEECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (EMR) SPANS THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM (EMS) FROM RADIO WAVES (VERY LONG) TO  - RADIATION (VERY SHORT) VISIBLE LIGHT IS A SMALL PORTION OF THE SPECTRUM PHOTONS OF LIGHT INTERACT WITH MATTER

27. ANATOMICAL ORGANIZATION THE EYE CORNEA AND LENS: BEND LIGHT RAYS AND FOCUS THEM ON THE RETINA CILLIARY MUSCLES LOSSEN OR TIGHTEN TO ADJUST LENS THICKNESS RETINA: SITE OF PHOTORECEPTORS FOVEA: MOST SENSITVE PART OF RETINA

28. TEAR DUCT AND DRAINAGE CANAL PUPILIRIS SCLERA

29. OPTIC DISC OPTIC NERVE BLOOD VESSELS FOVEA SCLERA RETINA CHOROID VITREOUS HUMOR AQUEOUS HUMOR CORNEA LENS PUPIL IRIS CONJUNCTIVA CILIARY BODY SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT EXTERNAL EYE MUSCLE STRUCTURE OF THE EYE

30. THE PHOTORECEPTORS RODS: CYLLINDRICALLY SHAPED- BROAD RANGE OF WAVELENGTHS, NIGHT CONES: CONICALLY SHAPED-NARROW WAVELENGTH RANGE, COLOR

31. BEFORE A PHOTON ARRIVES RHODOPSIN ABSORBS PHOTON AND CHANGES SHAPE A SEQUENCE OF BIOCHEMICAL STEPS MEMBRANE HYPERPOLARIZED AFTER A PHOTON ARRIVES MEMBRANE POLARIZED NORMALLY

32. PATHWAYS FOR VISUAL INFORMATION OPTIC NERVE (GANGLION CELLS FROM RETINA) LEAVES THROUGH “BLIND SPOT” LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS: PROJECTS TO CORTEX PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX

35. VISUAL ORIENTATION COLUMNS CELLS IN VARIOUS COLUMNS OF CORTEX RESPOND TO DIFFERENT ORIENTATIONS THESE DEVELOP DURING THE EARLY VISUAL EXPERIENCES OF YOUNG ANIMALS

36. COLOR VISION TRICHROMATIC: RED, BLUE, GREEN PARVOCELLULAR NEURONS CARRY INFORMATION DIFFERENT CELL TYPES COLOR CONTRAST

37. THREE KINDS OF CONES RED, BLUE, AND GREEN CONNECT TO SMALL GANGLION CELLS TRANSMIT COLOR INFORMATION TO PARVOCELLULAR NEURONS IN LGN

38. COLOR NEURONS BROAD BAND: SINGLE COLOR, + INSIDE, - OUT SINGLE - OPPONENT: EXITED BY ONE COLOR IN CENTER, INHIBITED WHEN ANOTHER COLOR IN PERIPHERY DOUBLE OPPONENT: OPPOSING COLORS IN BOTH CENTER AND PERIPHERY ANNULAR FIELDS OVERLAP TO RECTANGULAR IN CORTEX

39. LENS DEFECTS FOCUSING IN FRONT OF RETINA NEARSIGHTEDNESS (MYOPIA) USUALLY DUE TO WEAK CILIARY MUSCLES FOCUSING BEHIND THE RETINA FARSIGHTEDNESS(HYPEROPIA) LENS TOO STIFF (AGING)

40. NEARSIGHTEDNESS (MYOPIA) UNCORRECTED CORRECTED

41. FARSIGHTEDNESS (HYPEROPIA) UNCORRECTED CORRECTED

42. VISUAL FIELD DEFECTS OPTIC NERVE:VISUAL FIELD ON SAME SIDE OPTIC CHIASM:OUTER HALF OF BOTH VISUAL FIELDS OPTIC TRACT: OPPOSITE HALF IN BOTH VISUAL FIELDS OPTIC RADIATIONS:LOWER OR UPPER QUADRANT ON OPPOSITE SIDE

43. THE AUDITORY SYSTEM AND THE CHEMICAL SENSES D. C. MIKULECKY PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY AND FACULTY MENTORING PROGRAM

44. THE NATURE OF SOUND COMPRESSION AND RARIFICATION OF AIR WAVES OF HIGH AND LOW PRESSURE TRANSMIT MECHANICAL FORCES

45. CHARACTERISTICS OF A PRESSURE WAVE A T = WAVELENGTH A = AMPLITUDE f = 1/T FREQUENCY

46. ANATOMY OF THE EAR OUTER EAR MIDDLE EAR INNER EAR

47. OUTER EAR ACTS TO FOCUS SOUND WAVES ON THE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE SHAPED LIKE A SOUND CONE

48. OUTER EAR PINNA CANAL

49. MIDDLE EAR THREE BONES LINK TYMPANIC MEMBRANE TO OVAL WINDOW VIBRATIONS TRANSMITTED MECHANICALLY

50. MIDDLE EAR TYMPANIC MEMBRANE OVAL WINDOW BONES OF MIDDLE EAR COCHLEAR FLUID SOUND WAVE IN EAR CANAL

51. INNER EAR SITE OF TRANSDUCTION VIBRATION OF COCHLEAR FLUID CAUSES BASILAR MEMBRANE TO VIBRATE HAIR CELLS ARE DEFORMED AUDITORY NERVE BECOMES EXCITED AS HAIR CELLS DEPOLARIZE

52. INNER EAR OVAL WINDOW COCHLEA

53. STRUCTURE OF THE COCHLEA SCALA VESTIBULI COCHLEAR DUCT SCALA TYPANI OVAL WINDOW ROUND WINDOW

54. STRUCTURE OF COCHLEAR DUCT BASILAR MEMBRANE TECTORIAL MEMBRANE ORGAN OF CORTI

55. TRANSDUCTION MECHANISM BASILAR MEMBRANE…..VIBRATES TECTORIAL MEMBRANE STATIONARY STEROCILIA AUDITORY NERVE HAIR CELLS

56. TRANSDUCTION MECHANISM TECTORIAL MEMBRANE STATIONARY BASILAR MEMBRANE…..VIBRATES STEROCILIA BEND AUDITORY NERVE HAIR CELLS

57. FREQUENCY DISCRIMINATION: LOCALIZATION OF DISPLACEMENT OF BASILAR MEMBRANE BASE APEX HIGH LOW MID

58. AUDITORY PATHWAYS COCHLEA VENTRAL COCHLEAR NUCLEUS MIDLINE VENTRAL COCHLEAR NUCLEUS SUPERIOR OLIVE INFERIOR COLLICULUS

59. AUDITORY PATHWAYS (CONT.) MIDLINE SUPERIOR OLIVE INFERIOR COLLICULUS INFERIOR COLLICULUS MEDIAL GENICULATE MEDIAL GENICULATE TEMPORAL CORTEX TEMPORAL CORTEX

60. CHARACTERISTICS OF A PRESSURE WAVE A T = WAVELENGTH A = AMPLITUDE f = 1/T FREQUENCY

61. PROPERTIES OF AUDITORY NERVE CELLS EACH AUDITORY NERVE FIBER HAS AN OPTIMUM FREQUENCY THIS TONOTOPIC ORGANIZATION ARISES FROM POSITION IN THE COCHLEA TONIC AND PHASIC NEURONS IN EACH AREA SOME RESPOND TO CHANGE IN FREQUENCY SOME RESPOND TO CHANGE IN AMPLITUDE

62. SOUND LOCALIZATION INTERAURAL TIME DIFFERENCE TIME DELAY BETWEEN TWO EARS ALSO INTENSITY DIFFERENCES

63. DISORDERS OF AUDITION LOSS OF HAIR CELLS: FREQUENCY SPECIFIC TINNITUS: RINGING CONDUCTIVE:l DAMAGE TO MIDDLE EAR CENTRAL: BRAIN TUMORS AND LESIONS

64. THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS SEMICIRCULAR CANALS: HAIR CELLS SENSE MOTION THREE COORDINATE PLANES: SUPERIOR, INFERIOR, AND HORIZONTAL UTRICLE AND SACCULE DETECT LINEAR ACCELERATION IN HORIZONTAL AND VERTICLE PLANES

65. THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS: UTRICLE & SACCULUS ONE CANAL IN EACH COORDINATE PLANE AMPULLA UTRICLE & SACCULUS

66. THE UTRICLE & SACCULUS HAIR CELLS NERVE CELLS OTOLITHIC MEMBRANE- GELATINOUS LAYER OTOCONIA (CALCIUM CARBONATE CRYSTALS)

67. THE UTRICLE & SACCULUS HAIR CELLS NERVE CELLS OTOLITHIC MEMBRANE- GELATINOUS LAYER OTOCONIA (CALCIUM CARBONATE CRYSTALS) HEAD MOVEMENT

68. THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS: SEMICIRCULAR CANALS ONE CANAL IN EACH COORDINATE PLANE AMPULLA UTRICLE & SACCULUS

69. THE AMPULLA HAIR CELLS NERVE CELLS

70. THE AMPULLA HAIR CELLS BENT NERVE CELLS FIRE INERTIAL FLUID MOVEMENT MOVEMENT OF HEAD

71. TASTE SENSATION GUSTATORY RECEPTORS GUSTATORY PATHWAYS

72. GUSTATORY RECEPTORS TASTE BUDS ON TONGUE LOCALIZED SWEET: TIP BITTER:BACK SOUR SIDES SALT: FRONT

73. GUSTATORY PATHWAYS VII, IX, X CRANIAL NERVES TO GUSTATORY NUCLEUS IN BRAIN STEM VPM NUCLEUS OF THALAMUS GUSTATORY AREA OF NEOCORTEX VIA LIMBIC SYSTEM TO HYPOTHALAMUS

74. THE OLIFACTORY SYSTEM RECEPTOR CELLS IN OLIFACTORY MUCOSAL MEMBRANE AXONS CROSS CRIBIFORM PLATE AND TERMINATE ON MITRAL CELLS IN OLIFACTORY BULB-FORM OLIFACTORY TRACT OLIFACTORY TRACT GOES TO LIMBIC SYSTEM AND TO ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH EATING AND MATING BEHAVIOR

75. THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM TWO NEURON CHAINS SYMPATHETIC PARASYMATHETIC

76. TWO NEURON CHAINS SPINE EFFECTOR ORGAN PRESYNAPTIC NEURON POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON

77. SYMPATHETIC GANGLION NEAR SPINE SHORT PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS LONG POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS FLIGHT OR FIGHT POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS ARE ADRENERGIC

78. PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLION NEAR EFFECTOR ORGAN LONG PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS SHORT POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS “COUCH POTATO” POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS ARE CHOLINERGIC

79. EFFECTS OF ANS