1. Wind Blown Dust Monitoring and Modeling at Owens Lake, CA Duane Ono Great Basin Unified Air Pollution Control District July 2004 WRAP Dust Emissions Joint Forum Meeting Reno, Nevada

2. Dust ID Method based on Shao, et al., 1993

3. Dust ID Method F a = K f x q F a = PM-10 emissions [g/cm 2 /hr] K f = K-factor q = sand flux at 15 cm [g/cm 2 /hr]

4. Owens Lake Dust ID Monitoring Network 135 sand flux sites 6 PM-10 TEOM sites 13 10-m met towers Upper air profiler Time-lapse camera sites Dust observer sites

5. Sand Flux Monitors Cox Sand Catcher - Collects saltation- size particles Sensit ™ - Electronically records sand flux.

6. Sensits & Cox Sand Catcher

7. Sensit Reading vs. Sand Catch

8. PM-10 Monitors Sites

9. K-factor Calculations K f = Hourly K-factor K i = Initial K-factor (5 x 10 -5 ) C obs. = Monitored hourly PM-10 C bac. = Hourly background PM-10 C mod. = Modeled PM-10 at monitor site

10. Dust Storm at Owens Lake

11. VISIBLE DUST PLUMES & SAND FLUX Observed dust plume locations corresponded to the hotspot areas identified by the sand flux monitoring network. Example Storm: Feb. 6-8, 2001 (52 hour total)

12. PM-10 concentrations and sand flux were monitored for 30 months at Owens Lake.

13. Hourly & Storm Average K f for the South Area

14. Temporal & Spatial K-factors Period Keeler DunesNorth AreaCentral AreaSouth Area 1/1/00-2/3/015.12.16.61.9 2/4/01-4/18/015.12.126.06.7 4/19/01-11/30/015.12.16.31.9 12/1/01-3/8/0220.07.636.05.8 3/9/02-4/18/025.55.06.99.0 4/19/02-6/30/025.55.06.61.8

15. Univ. of Guelph Wind Tunnel

16. Wind Tunnel on Keeler Dunes

17. Dust ID PeriodAreaWind TunnelDust ID 1/1/00 - 2/3/01North Area2.3 x 10 -5 1.8 x 10 -5 1/1/00 – 2/3/01Keeler Dunes1.3 x 10 -5 3.5 x 10 -5 2/4/01 - 4/18/01Central Area9.7 x 10 -5 24.1 x 10 -5 2/4/01 - 4/18/01South Area6.6 x 10 -5 5.9 x 10 -5 4/19/01 - 11/30/01Central Area16.0 x 10 -5 5.7 x 10 -5 4/19/01 - 11/30/01South Area3.1 x 10 -5 2.0 x 10 -5 Comparison of Wind Tunnel & Dust ID K-factors

18. CALPUFF Options Model Options – Reg. defaults including Pasquill-Gifford curves – Plume depletion based on local size distribution measurements Example Simulation – May 2-3, 2001 – Storm Average K f – Background of 20 µg/m 3 Predicted PM 10 Concentrations (µg/m 3 ) for May 02, 2001, Hour 0800-0900

19. Comparison of Hourly Monitored and Modeled PM-10 at Shell Cut, May 2-3, 2001

20. Daily PM-10 Emissions

21. Owens Lake PM-10 Emissions Peak Daily PM-10 = 7,200 tons Annual PM-10 = 79,200 tons Dust ID Period: July 2000 - June 2001.

22. Conclusions PM-10 emissions can be estimated using sand flux measurements and K-factors. K-factors can be derived empirically by comparing monitored PM-10 concentrations to model predictions. Average K-factors were found to vary spatially and temporally at Owens Lake.

24. Comparison of PM-10 Emissions vs. Wind Speed For Big and Medium Size Dust Storms Using the Dust ID Method and Alfaro & Gomes Model

25. Comparison of Storm Total PM-10 Emissions for the Keeler Dunes Storm DateDust ID (lbs/acre) Alfaro & Gomes Models Fine Soil (lbs/acre) Coarse Soil (lbs/acre) Oct. 21-22, 2000 2,2451,03851 May 2-3, 2001 1,35484837 Nov. 2, 2000 15329713 Jun. 1, 2001 491797

26. For more information contact: Duane Ono Great Basin Unified APCD 157 Short Street Bishop, California 93514 (760) 872-8211 duaneono@yahoo.com