1. Pages 168-171

2.  More than 1,000 years ago fields of corn, beans, & squash bloomed in the desert southwest  The Hohokams ◦ Means vanished ones planted these fields ◦ Built a complex irrigation system to farm desert ◦ Lived near Gila River in present-day Arizona ◦ Built temple mounds & ball courts like the Mayans ◦ Survived until 1500

3.  Anasazi ◦ Best-known society of the southwest ◦ Lived in Four Corners region of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, & Utah ◦ Built pueblos between 900-1300 AD ◦ Pueblo Bonito  Pueblo village consisted of a huge complex with 800 rooms that housed about 6,000 people  At the center was a plaza where they dug their kiva which is a large underground chamber for religious ceremonies ◦ Cliff Dwellings  Late 1100’s Anasazi built housing in the shadow of canyon walls  Mesa Verde largest of these is located in Colorado & had over 200 rooms  Late 1200’s long drought forced the Anasazi to abandon these ◦ Their traditions survived among the Hopi & Pueblo tribes

4.  Mississippi & Ohio valleys other farming cultures emerged in 700 BC  The Adena & Hopewells left behind giant earthen mounds  Some cone shaped others animal shaped  Great Serpent Mound in Ohio wiggles & twist for ¼ mile  Objects in these show that traders extended their influence over a wide area. They brought back shells & shark teeth from the Gulf of Mexico & copper from the Great Lakes region.

6.  Cahokia ◦ 800 AD early cultures disappeared & Mississippians gained influence ◦ Cahokia was their greatest center in present-day Illinois & housed over 40,000 people around 1200 AD ◦ It had at least 60 mounds ◦ Largest mound had a temple on its summit where priests held ceremonies. ◦ Archaeologists think that this temple mound shows influence of Middle American civilizations  Heirs of the Mound Builders ◦ Mississippians left no written records & cities disappeared by European arrival ◦ Natchez people carried on their traditions

8.  10 culture areas based on environments lived in prior to 1500 each one had to adapt ways of life to the environment ◦ Arctic ◦ Subarctic ◦ Northwest Coast ◦ California ◦ Great Basin ◦ Plateau ◦ Southwest ◦ Great Plains ◦ Eastern Woodlands ◦ Southeast

10.  Late immigrants from Siberia called Eskimos (eaters of raw flesh) by Native Americans they called themselves Inuits (the People)  Lived in small bands surviving by hunting & fishing  Seals & other sea mammals gave them food, clothing, tools, & oils for cooking  Built kayaks, igloos, dog sleds,& partially underground sod dwellings

11.  Had a far richer environment that the Inuits  Rivers contained plenty of salmon  Hunters tracked deer, wolves, & bears in the forest  People built large permanent villages with wooden homes  Shared surplus goods in a potlatch ceremony ◦ Held in Canada today person of wealth distributes lavish gifts to large numbers of guests.

12.  Eastern Woodlands stretched from the Atlantic Coast to the Great Lakes & was home to the Iroquios  They cleared land & built villages in the forest  Late 1500’s Dekanawidah urged rival Iroquois to stop their fighting  He became one of the founders of the political system known as the Iroquois League ◦ 5 Nation alliance shared traditions & spoke same language ◦ Only men sat on the council, but each clan had a clan mother to name or depose council members ◦ League emerged right when Europeans arrived  Encounters with the Europeans took a toll on North American peoples & toppled the Aztecs & Incans