1. COMMUNITY INTERVENTION TRIALS AUTHOR Dr. A. K. AVASARALA MBBS, M.D. PROFESSOR & HEAD DEPT OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE & EPIDEMIOLOGY PRATHIMA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, KARIMNAGAR, A.P.. INDIA: +91505417 avasarala@yahoo.com

2. PROMPT I WISH TO DEVELOP AN EPIDEMIOLOGY COURSE FOR TEACHING, AS THERE IS GOOD RESPONSE, NATIONALLY AND INTERNATIONALLY FROM THE FACULTY TEACHING EPIDEMIOLOGY, FOR MY PREVIOUS THIRTEEN EPIDEMIOLOGY LECTURES

3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1.READER IS EXPECTED TO LEARN THE NATURE & SCOPE OF COMMUNITY INTERVENTIONS 2.THE PRECAUTIONS AND STEPS IN CONDUCTING COMMUNITY TRIALS 3.ABLE TO ANALYSE AND INTERPRET THE RESULTS

4. PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES READER CAN DESIGN AND PERFORM COMMUNITY INTERVENTION TRIALS HE CAN PROMOTE THE HEALTH OF THE COMMUNITY AS A WHOLE BY RISK FACTOR REDUCTION TRIALS

5. TYPES PRIMARY PREVENTIVE TYPE (COMMUNITY INTERVENTION TRIALS (CIT )

6. NATURE OF STUDIES INTERVENTION STUDIES NOT JUST OBSERVATIONS EXPERIMENTATIONS

7. COMMUNITY INTERVENTION TRIALS (CIT ) THE MAIN PURPOSE IS TO REDUCE THE OCCURRENCE OF DISEASES AND DEATHS EARLY IN LIFE IN THE WHOLE COMMUNITY, HENCE THE NAME.

8. WHY CIT ?. THE HEALTH STATUS OF A COMMUNITY. CHANGE TO HEALTHIER LIFESTYLE BY HIGH-RISK GROUPS CHANGE THE BEHAVIOR OF OTHER MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY INTERVENTIONS AIMED AND FOCUSED AT SPECIFIC DISEASES HEALTH ACTIVITIES IN COMMUNITIES THE CONFIDENCE IN THE PEOPLE AND THEREBY THEIR INVOLVEMENT AND ACCEPTANCE REDUCTION IN RISK FACTORS THE INCIDENCE OR COURSE OF OTHER DISEASES. IMPACT ON LEADS TO AFFECT ENHANCE

9. GENERAL OBJECTIVES TO INCREASE HEALTH KNOWLEDGE OF THE WHOLE COMMUNITY, TO DEVELOP POSITIVE AND RIGHT ATTITUDE IN THE COMMUNITY TO INCREASE THE PRACTICE OF POSITIVE HEALTH BEHAVIOR OF THE WHOLE COMMUNITY THEREBY PREVENTING EARLY DISEASES AND DEATHS IN THE COMMUNITY HEALTHEDUCATIONHEALTHEDUCATION

10. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES TO MEASURE VERIFIABLE CHANGES IN: 1.HEALTH KNOWLEDGE IMPROVEMENT 2.ATTITUDE 3.BEHAVIOR

11. STEPS OF CONDUCTING CIT 1.SETTING 2.STUDY DESIGN 3.INTERVENTION METHODS 4.EVALUATION OF INTERVENTION 5.LIMITATIONS OF STUDY

12. IDEAL SETTING COMMUNITY IS THE IDEAL SETTING

13. STUDY DESIGN QUASI - EXPERIMENTAL TYPE THE INVESTIGATOR WILL NOT BE HAVING AS MUCH OF A CHANCE OF RANDOM ALLOCATION OF THE INDIVIDUALS TO THE TWO GROUPS AS IN CLINICAL TRIALS.

14. SELECTION OF REFERENCE AND INTERVENTION POPULATIONS DESIRABLE TO HAVE ALMOST IDENTICAL REFERENCE AND INTERVENTION POPULATIONS TO GET THE VALID RESULTS OUT OF COMMUNITY TRIALS.

15. NESTED OR EMBEDDED DESIGN Pooled intervention REFERENCE POPULATION

16. EMBEDDED DESIGN EMBEDDED TYPE WILL HELP IN REDUCING SECULAR DIFFERENCES IN REDUCING CONFOUNDING BIAS AS THE BOTH KNOWN AND UNKNOWN VARIABLE FACTORS WILL BE EQUALLY DISTRIBUTED IN BOTH THE POPULATIONS.

17. REFERENCE POPULATION THE ONE WITH WHICH THE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM THE TRIAL ON THE INTERVENTION POPULATION ARE COMPARED, ANALYZED, INTERPRETED AND UTILIZED FOR PREPARING PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY.

18. INTERVENTION POPULATION THE EXPERIMENTAL POPULATION RANDOMLY SELECTED FROM A COUNTRY OR REGION AND ALMOST IDENTICAL AND COMPARABLE WITH THE REFERENCE (CONTROL) POPULATION IN POSSESSING ALL ITS CHARACTERISTICS.

19. UNDERSTANDING SOCIETAL CONDITIONS COMMONNESS OF TERRITORY, MORTALITY PATTERN, MORBIDITY PATTERN, FERTILITY PATTERN, CUSTOMS, SECULAR TRENDS

20. COLLECTING BASE LINE INFORMATION PREPARING THE BASE LINE LEVELS OF RISK FACTORS, MORTALITY RATES

21. INTERVENTION CONCEPT IDEA IS TO BRING ABOUT THE ATTITUDINAL CHANGE IN THE PEOPLE TO ALTER THEIR NEGATIVE LIFE STYLES AND TO SUSTAIN. THIS CAN BE ACHIEVED BY MEANS OF THE FOLLOWING SOCIAL SKILL LEARNING TECHNIQUES.

22. INTERVENTION BY SOCIAL COGNITION/LEARNING SOCIAL COGNITION/LEARNING WHEREIN THE CHANGE OF BEHAVIOR CAN BE ACHIEVED THROUGH INTENSIVE EXPOSURE TO IMPORTANT MODELS LIKE POP STARS, PLAYERS.

23. INTERVENTION BY REASONED ACTION AND PLANNED BEHAVIOR WHERE THE CHANGE CAN BE BROUGHT ABOUT BY ADAPTING THE INFORMATION GIVEN BY CREDITABLE PERSON FIRST AND SUSTAINING IT BY SELF MANAGEMENT LATER I.E. BY LEARNING THE NECESSARY SKILLS.

24. INTERVENTION BY PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION CONTINUOUS PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION TO THE PEOPLE THROUGH MASS MEDIA LIKE MOVIES, TELEVISION ETC TO CONVINCE THEM TO ADOPT POSITIVE LIFE STYLES CAN ALSO BRING ABOUT A CHANGE IN LIFE STYLE.

25. PRECEDE-PROCEED MODEL INTERVENTION The PRECEDE process Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Constructs in Educational-environmental Diagnosis and Evaluation) PROCEED process follows with implementation, process, and impact and outcome evaluation.

26. SOCIAL MARKETING INTERVENTION PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICES ARE THE PRODUCTS TO BE MARKETED AND THE TARGET AUDIENCE, COSTS AND BENEFITS HAVE TO BE DEFINED. PROPER MESSAGES HAVE TO BE DEVELOPED AND EFFECTIVE CHANNELS FOR ACCEPTANCE HAVE TO BE SELECTED.

27. EVALUATION OF INTERVENTION ENDPOINTS TO BE MEASURED 1.CHANGES IN KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE 2.MEANS AND PREVALENCES OF RISK FACTORS 3.SYMPTOMS/SIGNS/PAIN REDUCTION 4.SPECIFIC MORBIDITY (OBTAINED FROM PRACTITIONERS, HOSPITALS, AVAILABILITY OF MEDICAL SERVICES AND TREATMENT) 5.SPECIFIC MORTALITY RATES OF THE MOST COMMON DISEASES 6.TOTAL MORTALITY IN THE BOTH COMMUNITIES

28. EVALUATION METHODS POPULATION SURVEYS ARE CARRIED OUT BOTH IN THE REFERENCE AND INTERVENTION POPULATIONS SIMULTANEOUSLY THRICE I.E. BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER THE INTERVENTION.

29. TECHNIQUES OF MEASUREMENT QUESTIONNAIRES – ORAL WRITTEN, OR COMPUTERIZED ONES ARE USED DURING THE SURVEYS *ANALYTICAL METHODS – LABORATORY TESTS FOR PHYSICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS BY TRAINED PERSONNEL DONE BEFORE AFTER CIT TO AVOID OBSERVER VARIATION

30. ROSENTHAL EFFECT THE INDIVIDUAL’S NATURE OR PREFERENCE TO ENHANCE OR REDUCE THE VALUE OF THE ENDPOINT WHILE TESTING OR READING THE LABORATORY FINDINGS BECAUSE OF HIS PERSONALITY INFLUENCE HAS ALSO TO BE TAKEN CARE OFF.

31. CEILING EFFECT CEILING EFFECT IS SAID TO BE PRESENT IN THE COMMUNITY WHEN A PART OR WHOLE OF THE COMMUNITY POSSESSES PERSONS AT HIGH RISK.

32. PRECAUTIONS: 1.NET CHANGES ARE MEASURED UNIFORMLY IN A STANDARDIZED AND SIMILAR MANNER IN BOTH THE REFERENCE (CONTROL) AND INTERVENTION POPULATIONS 2.INITIAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO POPULATIONS HAVE TO BE GIVEN DUE CONSIDERATION. THESE MAY BE DUE TO CHANCE OR REGRESSION TO THE MEAN.

33. INTENTION TO TREAT PRINCIPLE THE “INTENTION TO TREAT” PRINCIPLE, THAT IS, ONCE RANDOMIZED, ALWAYS ANALYZED – IS TO BE STRICTLY FOLLOWED

34. NET CHANGE MEASUREMENT I0I0 I1I1 R0R0 R1R1 RELATIVE CHANGE FINAL SURVEY BASE-LINE RISK FACTOR LEVEL

35. MULTIVARIATE REGRESSION MODEL FORMULA: Y = AGE + TIME 1 +TIME 2 +(COMMUNITY * TIME 1 ) +(COMMUNITY * TIME 2 )

36. FACTORS AFFECTING THE EVALUATION: 1.DELAY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RISK FACTORS HINDERS THE EVALUATION 1.INTENSITY AND DENSITY OF INTERVENTION DETERMINES THE EVALUATION STRATEGY 1.STATISTICAL POWER OF THE SAMPLES DETERMINES EVALUATION

37. THE SUCCESS OF CIT 1.THE SOCIETAL CONDITIONS AND ENVIRONMENT 2.AVAILABILITY OF THE OTHER HELPING SOCIAL HEALTH STRUCTURES 3.POSITIVE PREVENTIVE CLIMATE 4.THE NEED FOR THE TRIAL MUST BE FELT BY THE COMMUNITY AS A DIRE NECESSITY 5.PRACTICAL FEASIBILITY, FINANCIAL AND TIME CONSTRAINTS

38. LIMITATIONS-1 THE RANDOMIZATION CAN NOT BE ACHIEVED STRICTLY The sampling method may be having inherent error or the sampled communities may be having inherent differences which can, of course, be minimized with difficulty.

39. LIMITATIONS-2 CHANGES IN MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY TAKE SEVERAL YEARS TO OCCUR Though it is true to larger extent particularly with the non-infectious diseases, biochemical/ risk factors changes may be seen comparatively earlier in the intervention community.

40. EFFECT OF IMMIGRATION INTO AND EMIGRATION IMMIGRATION INTO AND EMIGRATION FROM ANY OF THE TWO COMMUNITIES UNDER TRIAL WILL AFFECT THE EVALUATION AND TRIAL OBJECTIVES. ONLY THE LIVING PART OF THE COMMUNITY CAN SERVE AS THE USEFUL DENOMINATOR FOR CORRECT ASSESSMENT. HENCE MIGRATION FACTOR HAS TO BE GIVEN DUE CONSIDERATION.

41. PERSONAL EXPERIENCE COMMUNITY FLUORIDATION FOR DENTAL CARIES 1990 START / DURATION: 1992, 5 YEARS POPULATION: 8000, SHIELANAGAR, VISAKHAPATNAM, INTERVENTION: FLOURIDATION OF MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES.

42. NORTH KARELIA PROJECT START / DURATION: 1972; 10YEARS INTERVENTION. POPULATION: 180000 INHABITANTS, AGES 25–59 YEARS. INTERVENTION: COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNITY INTERVENTION, REDUCTION OF ARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS.

43. CORONARY RISK FACTOR STUDY (CORIS) START / DURATION: 1979; 4 YEARS OF INTERENTION. POPULATION: 11700 WHITE PERSONS, AGES 15 – 64 YEARS. INTERVENTION: COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNITY INTERVENTION, SMALL MASS MEDIA AND INTERPERSONAL (HIGH INTENSE) INTERVENTION; REDUCE CHOLESTOAL BP, SMOKING STRESS, INCREASE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY.

44. STANFORD FIVE CITY PROJECT START / DURATION: 1980; 5 YEARS INTERENTION. POPULATION: 122800, AGES 12 – 74 YEARS. INTERVENTION: COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNITY INTERVENTION, REDUCE CHOLESTEROL, BP, SMOKING, WEIGHT, INCREASE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY.

45. MINNESOTA HEART HEALTH PROGRAM START / DURATION: 1980: 5 – 6 YEARS OF INTERVENTION. POPULATION: 231000 ADULTS. INTERVENTION: IMPROVE HEALTH BEHAVIOUR, REDUCE CHOLESTROL, 7 MG/DL, BP 2MMHG, SMOKING 3%, INCRESE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 50KCAL /DAY, REDUCE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE MOBIDITY AND MORTALITY 15%.

46. PAWTUCKET HEART HEALTH STUDY START / DURATION: 1981, 7 YEARS INTERVENTION. POPULATION: 72000 WORKING CLASS PEOPLE. INTERVENTION: COMMUNITY ACTIVATION

47. CONCLUSIONS DUE TO OUR INTERVENTIONS, REDUCTION IN HARMFUL LIFESTYLES/RISK FACTORS WILL OCCUR THEREBY LEADING TO THE REDUCTION IN MORBIDITY, MORTALITY OR DISABILITY RATES.

48. REFERENCES Brian Mac Mahan - Epidemiology: principles & methods Roger Detels, James Mc Even-Oxford Text Book of Public Health Maxcy-Rosenau-Last, Public Health & Preventive medicine Brett & Cassens- Public Health Medicine,National Student Series.