1. Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification Chapter Seven Advanced Installation

2. Objectives Describe the types and structure of SCSI devices Identify default IRQs, I/O addresses, and DMAs Explain how Plug-and-Play can be used to assign configuration to peripheral devices Install Linux using a text interface Outline the steps used to install Linux from source files on a hard disk or network server Summarize the precautions necessary when installing Linux on different architectures Troubleshoot the installation process

3. SCSI Hard Disk Drive Configuration Terminator –Device used to terminate an electrical conduction medium to absorb the transmitted signal and prevent signal bounce SCSI ID –Uniquely identifies and prioritizes devices attached to a SCSI controller –Also called target ID

4. SCSI Hard Disk Drive Configuration Figure 7-1: Connecting SCSI devices

5. SCSI Hard Disk Drive Configuration Table 7-1: Common SCSI standards

6. SCSI Hard Disk Drive Configuration Figure 7-2: A 50-pin Centronics SCSI connector Figure 7-3: A 50-pin LPT SCSI connector

7. SCSI Hard Disk Drive Configuration Figure 7-4: A 68-pin LPT SCSI connector

8. Mainboard Flow Control: IRQs, DMAs, and I/O Addresses The processor of a computer executes processes in physical memory for devices –Its time and capacity must be shared among all devices in the computer, which can be accommodated in one of two ways: Polling Interruption Interrupt Requests (IRQs) –Used by the processor to prioritize simultaneous requests for service from peripheral devices

9. Mainboard Flow Control: IRQs, DMAs, and I/O Addresses Figure 7-5: IRQ priorities

10. Mainboard Flow Control: IRQs, DMAs, and I/O Addresses Table 7-2: Default IRQ assignments

11. Mainboard Flow Control: IRQs, DMAs, and I/O Addresses Table 7-3: Default I/O assignments

12. Mainboard Flow Control: IRQs, DMAs, and I/O Addresses Table 7-3 (continued): Default I/O assignments

13. Mainboard Flow Control: IRQs, DMAs, and I/O Addresses Table 7-4: Default DMA assignments

14. Plug-and-Play Plug-and-Play (PnP) –Process allowing devices automatically to be assigned required IRQ, I/O address, and DMA information by the system BIOS Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) –Memory store on the mainboard used to store configuration information for use during the boot process

15. RAID Configuration Fault tolerance –The measure of downtime a device exhibits in the event of a failure Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) –The process of combining the storage space of several hard disk drives into one larger logical storage unit

16. RAID Configuration Spanning –Type of RAID level 0 that allows SPARC processor architecture computers Disk striping –Type of RAID 0, which is used to write separate information to hard disks to speed up access time Disk mirroring –Also known as RAID 1, it consists of two identical hard disks, which are written to in parallel with the same information to ensure fault tolerance

17. RAID Configuration Disk Striping with Parity –RAID level 5 –Most common configuration used today –Used to write separate information to hard disks to speed up access time –Also contains parity information to ensure fault- tolerance

18. RAID Configuration Figure 7-6: Organization of data on RAID level 5

19. Advanced Installation Methods Installing Linux graphically using a CD-ROM containing the correct installation files is the most common and easiest method for installing Linux There are other methods for installing Linux that do not use a graphical interface for the installation, and may use a different source for the installation files, such as a: –Network server –Local hard disk

20. Text-Based CD-ROM Installation Text-based installation –Installation method that presents interactive material in a command-line text-based format rather than a GUI-based interface Graphical installation –Installation method that presents interactive material in a GUI-based format, rather than a command-line text-based interface

21. Text-Based CD-ROM Installation Figure 7-7: Installation welcome screen

22. Text-Based CD-ROM Installation Figure 7-8: Language Selection screen during a text installation

23. Text-Based CD-ROM Installation Figure 7-9: Keyboard selection screen during a text installation

24. Text-Based CD-ROM Installation Figure 7-10: Mouse selection screen during a text installation

25. Text-Based CD-ROM Installation Figure 7-11: Partition configuration screen during a graphical installation

26. Text-Based CD-ROM Installation Figure 7-12: Partition configuration screen during a text installation

27. Text-Based CD-ROM Installation Figure 7-13: Boot loader configuration screen during a graphical installation

28. Text-Based CD-ROM Installation Figure 7-14: Choosing a boot loader during a text installation

29. Text-Based CD-ROM Installation Figure 7-15: Choosing a boot loader location during a text installation

30. Text-Based CD-ROM Installation Figure 7-16: Configuring boot kernel parameters during a text installation

31. Hard Disk Installation ISO images –Large single files that are exact copies of the information contained on a CD-ROM Figure 7-17: Configuring boot labels during a text installation

32. Hard Disk Installation Figure 7-18: Language Selection during a text installation

33. Hard Disk Installation Figure 7-19: Keyboard Selection during a text installation using an installation boot floppy

34. Hard Disk Installation Figure 7-20: Selecting a method of installation using an installation boot floppy disk

35. Network-Based Installations Network installation –An installation where the installation source files are accessed across the network from a network share Network installation boot floppy contains common NIC drivers and allows you to connect to a server with the appropriate installation files via one of the following protocols: –NFS –FTP –HTTP

36. Network Installation Using NFS Network File System (NFS) –Distributed file system developed by Sun Microsystems –Allows computers of differing types to access files shared on the network

37. Network Installation Using FTP File Transfer Protocol (FTP) –Most common protocol used to transfer files across the Internet –Most operating systems come with an FTP client program –FTP hosts files differently than NFS does

38. Network Installation Using HTTP If NFS and FTP are not available on the network, then installation from a Web server on the network using HTTP is an alternative Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) –Underlying protocol used to transfer information over the Internet

39. Installations from Network Clients Figure 7-21: Choosing a network installation type during a text installation using a network installation boot floppy

40. Installations from Network Clients Figure 7-22: Configuring network settings during a text installation using a network installation boot floppy disk

41. Installations from Network Clients Figure 7-23: Entering NFS configuration during a text installation from a network installation boot floppy disk

42. Installations from Network Clients Figure 7-24: Entering FTP configuration during a text installation from a network installation boot floppy disk

43. Installations from Network Clients Figure 7-25: Entering HTTP configuration during a text installation from a network installation boot floppy disk

44. Installing Linux on Non-Intel Architectures Some common roles for older hardware that can be achieved by installing Linux include but are not limited to: –DHCP servers –DNS servers –File and print servers –E-mail servers

45. Installing Linux on Non-Intel Architectures Some common roles for older hardware that can be achieved by installing Linux include but are not limited to (continued): –Web servers –Routers –Firewalls –News servers

46. Installing Linux on Non-Intel Architectures Table 7-5: Internet installation resources for different architectures

47. Installing Linux on Non-Intel Architectures SILO –Program used to boot Linux on SPARC processor architecture computers ABOOT –Boot loader for Alpha architecture platforms

48. Installing Linux on Non-Intel Architectures Table 7-6: Common Alpha device labels

49. Installing Linux on Non-Intel Architectures Figure 7-26: Language Selection screen after starting an installation of Linux on the Alpha architecture

50. Problems Starting the Installation You will typically start a Linux installation by booting from a CD-ROM that contains the appropriate installation files, or a floppy, which may then connect to a CD-ROM, hard disk, or network server to get the installation files –For this to occur, you must ensure that the boot order located in the BIOS is set to look for an operating system on the floppy or CD- ROM before it looks to the hard disk BIOSes on different computers may be radically different To ensure that you are changing the correct setting, consult the user’s manual for your mainboard

51. Problems During Installation Once the installation program has loaded, you are prompted for the method of installation For those who install Linux graphically, the installation program must first detect the video card and mouse in the computer and load the appropriate drivers into memory If after the initial welcome screen, the graphical installation screens do not appear or appear as scrambled lines across the computer screen, then the video card is likely not supported by the mode and resolution of the graphical installation

52. Problems During Installation Overclocked –Running a processor at a higher speed than it has been rated for Although an overclocked CPU may lead to increased performance, it also produces more heat on the processor and may result in intermittent computer crashes

53. Problems After Installation Although a Red Hat Linux installation may finish successfully, you may still have problems if the installation program did not detect the hardware in the computer properly or certain programs failed to be installed Installation log file –Log file created at installation to record actions that occurred or failed during the installation process

54. Problems After Installation LInux LOader (LILO) –Program used to boot the Linux OS Grand Unified Bootloader (GRUB) –Program used to boot the Linux OS

55. Problems After Installation Table 7-7: Files commonly found in the /proc directory

56. Problems After Installation Table 7-7 (continued): Files commonly found in the /proc directory

57. Problems After Installation Table 7-7 (continued): Files commonly found in the /proc directory

58. Problems After Installation Figure 7-27: Information displayed by Linux at boot time

59. Chapter Summary There are many different SCSI standards, which have been developed since 1986 Each peripheral device must be configured with an IRQ and I/O address prior to use, and may optionally use a DMA channel Computers that require fault-tolerance typically employ SCSI hard disks configured using RAID Though Linux is typically installed from CD-ROM media, it may also be installed using files located on hard disks, or NFS, FTP, and HTTP servers

60. Chapter Summary Text installations of Linux present the same choices to the user as graphical installations of Linux Installing Linux on non-Intel architectures requires a solid understanding of the hardware and characteristics of the architecture Unsupported video cards, overclocked CPUs, PnP support, and improper RAM settings may cause an installation to fail The /proc directory contains information regarding detected hardware on the system and is useful when verifying whether an installation was successful