1. ECOLOGY “No man is an island entire of itself. Every man is a piece of a continent, a part of the main” -John Donne

2. What is Ecology? The study of the interactions of organisms with one another and with their physical environment. Biotic Factors  Organisms that are living (or WERE living at one time….paper, steak) ex- animals, plants, bacteria, fungus Abiotic Factors  Physical Environment (non-living) ex- water, air, dirt, rocks Ch 52

3. Can we go smaller ? 2 3 5 4 6 1 IndividualCommunity BiomeEcosystem PopulationBiosphere All Category A + B B only 1 Species 1

4. BIOSPHERE

5. *self-sustaining

6. Major Biological communities that occur over wide areas on land are called Biomes. Distribution Climate Life/OrganismsHuman Impact Ch 55

7. FYI… Latitude (shown as a horizontal line) is the angular distance, in degrees, minutes, and seconds of a point north or south of the Equator. Lines of latitude are often referred to as parallels. Longitude (shown as a vertical line) is the angular distance, in degrees, minutes, and seconds, of a point east or west of the Prime (Greenwich) Meridian. Lines of longitude are often referred to as meridians.

8. Climate Patterns determine an area’s water and energy Ch 55 Fig 55-1 CLIMATE: The average course or condition of the weather at a place usually over a period of years as exhibited by...? Temperature Precipitation Wind velocity CLIMATE

10. TUNDRA Distribution Climate Life/OrganismsHuman Impact

11. Boreal/Taiga Coniferous Distribution Climate Life/OrganismsHuman Impact

12. Deciduous Forest Distribution Climate Life/OrganismsHuman Impact

13. Grasslands Distribution Climate Life/OrganismsHuman Impact Savannas, pampas, prairies, steppes

14. Tropical Rain Forest Distribution Climate Life/OrganismsHuman Impact

15. Desert Distribution Climate Life/OrganismsHuman Impact

16. Biomes

18. BIOMES Ch 54

20. Distribution Climate Life/OrganismsHuman Impact

22. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS ? Salinity, Water depth, Temperature, pH, presence/absence of waves/currents

23. Key Points of a Flowing Freshwater Ecosystem: (Streams, Rivers) Greatly different conditions from source to mouth Headwater streams –shallow, clear, fast….high or low O 2 ? 99% of energy from? Adaptions for living? Downstream- wider, slower, deeper, cloudy. More producers for energy Human Impact? *Less than 2% of Earth’s surface is freshwater p. 1200 FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM Source

24. Key Points of a Standing Freshwater Ecosystem: (Ponds, Lakes) Zonation: Littoral, Limnetic, Profundal Most Productive? Depth of the Limnetic zone? Zone with primarily Phytoplankton and Zooplankton? Mineral Richest Zone? Why? O 2 Levels? p. 1201 FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM

25. Thermal Stratification Thermocline Enrichment: Human Impact? [O 2 ] in the deepest part of a lake- higher in an enriched or an unenriched lake? p. 1201-1202

26. ESTUARIES: Salt Marshes, Mangroves  Where fresh water and salt water meet  Among the most fertile of ecosystems- why?  Tides/circulation  Land minerals  Shallow/light  Many Plants/detritus  Subject to changes in:  Salinity  Water Levels (Tides)  Temperature *Stressful to live  Human Impact?

27. MARINE ECOSYSTEMS Three Primary Zones: Intertidal Adaptions to Living in the intertidal Zone? Benthic Sea Grasses, Kelp beds Coral Reefs Pelagic p1204

28. Species Richness: The number of different species in a community. Species Diversity: a measure of both species richness and the relative abundance of each species. A community with the same species richness can be less diverse if, on average, there is much greater abundance of some species over others. Ch 53#11: How is species richness of a community related to (1) geographic isolation; (2) the structural complexity of the habitats? p1208 Fig 55-25