1. DUCT EFFICIENCY AND HEAT PUMP PERFORMANCE Paul Francisco David Baylon Ecotope, Inc.

2. House Assumptions House over crawl space –1350 square feet –3.5 ton heat pump or electric furnace –10% leakage on both supply and return sides House with half basement –Approx. 2200 square feet –3.5 ton heat pump or electric furnace –5% supply leakage, no return leakage

3. Equipment Assumptions 3.5 ton heat pump is rated at HSPF of 8.2, SEER of 14 For heating, resistance added to meet load, compressor used as much as possible Electric resistance furnace sized to meet load Some prototypes use different heat pumps, both bigger and smaller

4. Effect of Ducts Duct losses add to the load that must be met by the heat pump or furnace –supply leakage and conduction result in capacity that does not make it to the house –return leakage and conduction result in changed entering conditions at the equipment

5. Effect of Ducts Ducts in buffer spaces see different ambient conditions than the house –in heating season, crawl space often warmer than outside but colder than house –in cooling season, crawl space often cooler than house or outdoors –in cooling season, attic often hotter than house or outdoors

6. Savings from added insulation - Portland electric furnace

7. Duct Loss for Electric Furnace

8. Duct Loss for Cooling

9. Duct Loss for Heating (Heat Pumps)

10. Summary of Duct Effects Duct insulation can account for up to about 1/3 of duct losses at these levels of leakage Return insulation has little impact Ducts have little impact in prototype with half basement Duct efficiency changes between heating and cooling, with cooling being higher Largest impact of duct loss is for heating with heat pump due to greater use of resistance at warmer temperatures - this effect very large in colder climates (more than doubles energy use in Missoula if ducts are uninsulated) Duct efficiency and percentage savings not heavily dependent on house vintage

11. Heat Pump Performance Heating performance dependent on outdoor temperature. –Heating capacity of compressor reduces 30% between 47 o F and 30 o F –Air delivery temperature is reduced by 10 o F to less than 85 o F resulting in severe comfort problems –Electric resistance is brought on to increase heating capacity and delivery air temperature –To control these effects the manufactures recommend a “Low Ambient Cutout” control set to about 30 o F that transfers turns off the compressor and uses the elements only.

12. Seattle

13. Portland

14. Boise

15. Spokane

16. Missoula

17. Heat Pump Performance Adjustments Heat pump set-up determines the overall performance –Improper charge and/or air flow results in a 5-12% reduction in COP –Defrost control reduces performance by 2% for demand defrost and 10-12% for timed defrost –Crankcase heater can be similar to defrost in cold climates –QC protocol necessary to insure that proper installation and specification are met

18. Performance Adjustments

19. Heat Pump Cooling Performance Cooling performance rating uses SEER to indicate cooling energy requirements Actual cooling seasonal COP depends on ambient humidity and temperature in the climate Effective average for seasonal cooling performance about 65% of the SEER rating –A SEER of 14.0 is 9.1 –Duct performance can reduce this efficiency by 10-30% –Not very dependent on Northwest climate

20. Seasonal COP & Ducts Cooling - Spokane

21. Seasonal COP & Ducts Cooling - Portland

22. Duct Efficiency Impact on Heat Pump Performance Duct losses can reduce heat pump performance to less than half of rated COP Much more severe in cold climates Overall performance depends on quality duct installation as much as quality heat pump installation

23. Seasonal COP & Ducts Heating - Spokane

24. Seasonal COP & Ducts Heating - Portland

25. Summary Overall system efficiency strongly interactive between ducts and conditioning system Significant duct losses can largely eliminate potential savings from heat pumps Overall system efficiency requires quality control of both heat pump installation and duct installation Heat pump controls crucial to overall performance, especially in cold climates HSPF and SEER rating numbers are poor approximations of actual performance, even with ideal installation Percentage improvement from lower to higher SEER may be appropriate