4. Early History: 1 st civilizations Indus Valley (2500 years ago) developed a writing system, strong central government, rich overseas trade Environmental changes led to decline of this civilization Stranded cities Hittite Script

5. Early Indian Civilizations Aryans: warlike people –Spread north into India and gradually spread culture –Dravidians were pushed south to farm (today: Deccan plateau) –Spoke Sanskrit: Hindi developed from sanskrit Example Himalaya: meaning “Home of Snows”

6. Aryan Religion –Basic ideas became part of Hinduism –Pantheon: all the gods of a religion Introduced strict system of social class –Caste System: developed in which people could not change their social status Early Indian Civilizations

7. Islamic Empires Muslims arrive in the north in 1000c.e. –Kingdom was founded in 1200 c.e. in Delhi 1398 Timur invaded India and sacked Delhi 1500’s Genghis invades India

8. Empires 1500’s Genghis invades India Grandson Akbar: allowed people to practice their own religion –Muslim –Indians still practiced Hinduism Shah Jahan –Built Taj Mahal –Religious tolerance ended with Aurangzeb Europeans will soon take an opportunity to rule the area

9. European Influence Europeans arrive in 1490’s –Wanted to trade –Expand their empires –Expand Christianity New companies –Britain’s East India Company –Indian Cotton became important to Britain Fight over India –Britain and France

10. British Rule 1700’s British Rule –Defeated French and took over majority of subcontinent –East India Controls region from Britain Foreign rule angers Indians –Rebellion breaks out among sepoys –Sepoys killed officers and their families –Both side report vicious acts of cruelty –Britain crushed revolt Ended East India Company’s rule and ruled them directly in 1858

11. British Rule India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka = British Colony “Jewel in the Crown” Cotton, Jewels, and tea flowed into Britain To ensure efficient flow of goods built: –Railroads –Roads –Ports Introduced –English Language –Education system –Law and government

12. Independence Indians did not like the treatment they received at the hands of the British –Many spoke of Independence 1885: Indians organized Indian National Congress –Asked for more rights –Larger share of government jobs –British refused

13. Independence Mohandas K. Gandhi –Led independence movement –Mahatma or “Great Soul” –Believed in nonviolent non- cooperation was best way to achieve independence –Boycott British goods –When thrown in jail he went on a hunger strike –Efforts were effective –After WWII Britain granted independence

14. Independence Hindu’s vs. Muslim –Muslim demanded a separate state in the north To avoid civil was separation of two states was granted: India and Pakistan Kashmir was divided between the two regions Lines did not solve the problem –Fighting broke out –16million people fled to the country with their religion –1million people died 1948 Gandhi was shot and killed by a Hindu extremist

15. Independence Today Worlds most populous democracy Large number of people vote India has 28 states Government is shaped after Britain’s government

16. Religions Hinduism: see other power point Islam Sikhism Jainism Christianity

17. Religion Islam –Largest majority in India –2 nd largest Muslim population in the world –11-14% of population –Reflects the heart of the former Muslim empire

18. Religion Christianity –Arrived in 500 c.e. –Est. along west coast –20million Indians Buddhism: –less than 1% of population Sikhism –Combines Muslim belief in one God with Hindu belief in reincarnation and karma –Rejects the caste system Jainism –Strict moral code based on preserving life

19. Culture Clothing Sari –Cloth that is wrapped around the body –Choli is warn underneath –Men wear the lungi: length of fabric wrapped around the waist –Skihs and turbans

20. Culture Food: –Curry flavors gravy base served over rice –Varies widely country’s different climate, crops, and culture Festivals –Each religion has special days –Holi: northern and central India = celebrates spring and triumph of good over evil –Pongal = three day harvest festival of southern India parades cattle elaborately decortaed

21. The Indian Perimeter Pakistan

22. History Empires –Persians –Alexander the Great –The Mauryan and the Gupta –Turkic Muslims in 1000 c.e. Brought Islam with them Became the main religion

23. The Modern Period Region Granted independence in 1947 Divide by religious lines West and East Pakistan (Bangladesh) –Major cultural differences (i.e. languages were different) –Government was in West Pakistan, east felt they had no power –1971 East Pakistan broke away became Bangladesh Bangladesh

24. The Modern Period Sri Lanka –British colony 1802 –1948 became independent Maldives –British Protectorate: gave up certain decision making processes for protection –Full independence in 1965 Bhutan –British Protectorate –Fully independent in 1949 –India still runs foreign policy Nepal –Ruled by series of dynasty’s –Constitutional Monarchy –Ethnic troubles, illiteracy, and poverty –Hard to build a strong Democracy

25. People and Languages Pakistan –Religion: Islam –Language: Urdu and regional languages Similar to Hindi –Persian Script –Read right to left –Many also speak English

26. People and Language Nepal: –Indo-Aryan ancestry –Speak Nepali –North speak Sino-Tibetan Languages Bhutan –3 major ethnic groups Bhote Nepalese Tribal People –Speak: Dzongkha; English is used in Schools

27. People and Languages Bangladesh –Bengalis –Mix of Turks and Southwest Asians –Speak Bengali Sri Lanka –75% are Sinhalese –25% are Tamils Live in north and east –Decades of bloody conflicts

28. Education Generally low literacy rate Too few schools Too few teachers Women are less likely than men to be able to read –Result of cultural attitudes

29. Religion Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Maldives are Muslim Nepal and Bhutan are Hindu –Tibetan region: Buddhist –Nepal only official Hindu state Sri Lanka –Sinhalese – Buddhist –Tamils – Hindus Religion is reflected in traditions and customs Badshahi Mosque

30. Influence of Religion 1. Powerful influence on daily life 2. Prayer flags flap in the wind, sending out sacred messages called mantras 3. In India sadhus (Hindu teachers) can be found every where –wear yellow robes –carry a bowl and blanket –live on gifts from those who –want to improve their karma 4. Consider cows to be sacred 5. Women in Pakistan dress modestly in accordance with Islamic law