1. Medical Terminology – Lecture 3
Body Structure
Body Structure
Dr. Alberta Paul
26 February, 2015

2. Objectives Objectives After this lecture, you will be able to:
Define the elements of human body structure
Describe the planes of the body
Locate the body cavities and list organs that are contained within each cavity
Recognize the combining forms that relate elements and systems of the body

3. Body Structure and Organization
The body is organized from its smallest element, the cell, to the collection of systems.
Entire Body 
Organs 
Tissues 
Systems 
Cells 

4. Body Structure and Organization
Cells
 The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. Cells are the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently, and are often called the "building blocks of life". The study of cells is called cell biology.
Structural and functional unit of an organism; the smallest structure capable of performing all the functions necessary for life.
Vary in size, shape, and function.
Need nutrients, water, and oxygen to live and function.

5. Body Structure and Organization
Cells
There are two types of cells, eukaryotes, which contain a nucleus, and prokaryotes, which do not.
Prokaryotic cells are usually single-celled organisms, while eukaryotic cells can be either single-celled or part of multicellular organisms.
The distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is considered to be the most important distinction among groups of organisms.
Plants, animals, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume.

6. Body Structure and Organization
Cells
The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization: 
the presence of membrane-bound compartments in which specific metabolic activities take place.
Most important among these is a cell nucleus, a membrane-delineated compartment that houses the eukaryotic cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means "true nucleus
Other differences in cellular structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes include the presence of mitochondria and chloroplasts, the cell wall, and the structure of chromosomal DNA in eukaryotes.

7. Components of animal cells

10. Body Structure and Organization Tissues
Groups of similar cells combined to perform a common function are called tissues.
Several types of Tissues (see next slide)
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous Tissue

11. Body Structure and Organization
Tissues
Source: © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education

12. Body Structure and Organization
Tissues
Nervous tissue consists of neurons, which are the cells that conduct signals, and supporting neuroglial cells such as microglial cells, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Neuron - Nerve cell that characteristically has three parts: dendrites, cell body, and axon. Nerve - Bundle of nerve fibers outside the central nervous system. Neuroglial Cell - One of several types of cells found in nervous tissue that supports, protects, and nourishes neurons.

13. Body Structure and Organization
Organs
Groups of tissues that work together to perform a specific function are called organs.
lungs
Organ Examples:
kidney
brain

14. Body Structure and Organization
Systems
Source:

15. Musculoskeletal System
Body Structure and Organization
Musculoskeletal System
Musculoskeletal System
Supports the body, protects organs and provides body movement.
Consists of:
Muscles (skeletal)
Bones
Cartilage
Tendons/Ligaments

16. Cardiovascular System
Body Structure and Organization
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System
Pumps and transports blood throughout the body.
Blood carries nutrients and removes waste from tissues.
Consists of:
Heart
Blood Vessels
(arteries, veins, capillaries)
Blood

17. Body Structure and Organization
Respiratory System
Performs respiration
Consists of the lungs and the trachea and other
breathing tubes

18. Body Structure and Organization
Nervous System
Nervous System
Regulates most of the body’s activities and sends and receives messages from sensory organs.
Consists of :
Peripheral Nerves
Brain
Spinal Cord

19. Part of excretory system
Body Structure and Organization
Urinary System
Urinary System
Part of excretory system
Eliminates metabolic waste
Helps to maintain acid-base and water-salt balance
Helps regulate blood pressure
Consists of:
Kidneys
Bladder
Ureters
Urethra

20. Body Structure and Organization
Reproductive System
Controls reproduction and heredity.
Male Structures
Female Structures
testes
penis
prostate gland
vas deferens
seminal vesicles
ovaries
vagina
uterine tubes
uterus
mammary glands

21. Blood System Body Structure and Organization
Blood System (official not a system)
Blood transports nutrients and waste to
and from body tissues.
The main components of blood include:
Plasma (contains ….)
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
White blood cells (leucocytes)
Platelets (thrombocytes)

22. Body Structure and Organization
Lymphatic and Immune System
Consists of:
Lymph (fluid in lymph system)
Lymphatic Vessels
Spleen, Lymph nodes, Thymus and Bone Marrow
White blood cells = Leucocytes (many different types)

23. Body Structure and Organization
Lymphatic and Immune System

24. Body Structure and Organization

27.
Cancer cells
attack

28.
Flu attacks our body

29. Includes all organs of digestion and excretion of waste
Body Structure and Organization
Digestive System
Digestive System
Includes all organs of digestion and excretion of waste
(mouth, pharynx, esophagus, gallbladder, liver, intestines,pancreas, stomach, colon)

30. Body Structure and Organization
Digestive System

31. Body Structure and Organization
Endocrine System
pituitary
Endocrine System
parathyroid
Includes the glands that secrete hormones for the regulation of several body activities.
thyroid
Adrenal glands
pancreas
testes
ovaries

32. Endocrine System

33. (besides hearing and sight)
Body Structure and Organization
Sensory System
Sensory System
Includes the eyes and ears and those other parts of other systems involved in the generating the other senses: touch, taste, smell
(besides hearing and sight)

35. Body Structure and Organization
Body Cavities
Dorsal
(back side of the body)
Ventral
(front side of the body)
Separated by diaphragm into the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity
Lower portion of the abdominal cavity is called the pelvic cavity
Consists of the cranial cavity and spinal cavity

36. Body Structure and Organization
Cranial cavity
Body Cavities
Dorsal cavity
Spinal cavity
Thoracic cavity
Diaphragm
Ventral cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity

37. Body Structure and Organization
Body Cavities

38. Directional Terms, Planes and Regions
Directional terms describe a portion or position of the body.
superior
(top or above)
posterior
(back)
anterior
(front)
medial
(middle)
lateral
(side)
inferior
(below)

39. Directional Terms, Planes and Regions Part 2
For examination purposes, patients are either lying face up (supine) or face down (prone).

40. Directional Terms, Planes, and Regions
Planes of the Body
Frontal divides the body into anterior and posterior positions.
Sagittal is the lateral position.
Medial or midsagittal divides the body into right and left halves.
Transverse divides the body into upper and lower sections.

41. Directional Terms, Planes, and Regions
Quadrants of the Body
Quadrants of the Body
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

42. Directional Terms, Planes, and Regions
Regions of the Body
Regions of the Body
Epigastric region
Umbilical region
Hypogastric region
Right inguinal (iliac) region
Right lumbar region
Right hypochondriac region
Left hypochondriac region
Left lumbar region
Left inguinal (iliac) region

43. Combining Forms [acetabul (o)]
Meaning
acetabul(o)
aden(o)
adip(o)
alveol(o)
angi(o)
arthr(o)
aur(i)
cup-shaped hip socket
gland
fat
air sac, alveolus
vessel
joint; articulation
ear

44. Combining Forms [blephar (o)]
Meaning
blephar(o)
brachi(o)
bucc(o)
calcane(o)
celi(o)
cephal(o)
cheil(o)
eyelid
arm
cheek
heel bone
abdomen
head
lip

45. Combining Forms [chir (o)]
Meaning
chir(o)
chol(e)
dactyl(o)
dent(i)
encephal(o)
enter(o)
gingiv(o)
hand
bile
fingers, toes
tooth
brain
intestines
gum

46. Combining Forms [gloss (o)]
Meaning
gloss(o)
gnath(o)
hidr(o)
ile(o)
ili(o)
labi(o)
lapar(o)
tongue
jaw
sweat
ileum
ilium
lip
abdominal wall

47. Combining Forms [lip (o)]
Meaning
lip(o)
my(o)
ocul(o)
odont(o)
onych(o) oo
oophor(o)
fat
muscle
eye
tooth
nail
egg
ovary

48. Combining Forms [orchi (o),orchid (o)]
Meaning
orchi(o), orchid(o)
ot(o)
ped(o), pedi
phleb(o)
pil(o)
pod(o)
proct(o)
testis
ear
foot; child
vein
hair
foot
anus

49. Combining Forms [psych (o), psyche]
Meaning
psych(o), psyche
rachi(o)
rhin(o)
somat(o)
trachel(o)
trich(o), trichi
vesic(o)
mind
spine
nose
body
neck
hair
bladder

50. Apply Your Knowledge Apply Your Knowledge
Koretta complains of abdominal pain. The emergency room physician suspects that she may have appendicitis.
In which of the following quadrants is the appendix located?
A. RUQ
B. RLQ
C. LUQ
D. LLQ
Answer: B. RLQ

51. Apply Your Knowledge Part 2
This patient is being examined. Which of the following positions is she in?
A. Prone
B. Supine
Answer: B. Supine

52. Apply Your Knowledge Part 3
Complete the following statements by adding the correct directional terms.
The hands are to the elbows.
distal
The nose is
to the face.
medial
The stomach is to the heart and to the intestines.
inferior
superior

53. Apply Your Knowledge Part 4
What are the opposites for the following directional terms?
Answers
deep
posterior
inferior
supine
lateral
superficial
anterior
superior
prone
medial