1. Thyroid, Parathyroid and Suprarenal Glands
Dr Rania Gabr

2. OBJECTIVES By the end of the lecture, the student should be able to:
Describe the shape, position, relations and structure of the thyroid gland.
List the blood supply & lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland.
Describe the shape, position, blood supply & lymphatic drainage of the parathyroid glands.
Describe the shape, position, blood supply & lymphatic drainage of the adenal glands.

3. Deep cervical fascia of the neck
It is divided into 3 layers:
1- Investing layer.
2- Pretracheal layer.
3- Prevertebral layer.

5. Thyroid gland Consists of right & left lobes.
The 2 lobes are connected to each other by a narrow isthmus, which overlies the 2nd 3rd & 4th tracheal rings.
It is surrounded by a sheath derived from the pretracheal layer of cervical fascia.
Thyroid gland

7. Each lobe is pear shaped, with its apex directed upward as for as the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage its base lies at the 4th or 5th tracheal ring.
Anterior
The isthmus extends across the midline in front of the 2nd 3rd & 4th tracheal rings.
Posterior

8. Inside the pretracheal facial capsule, there is another capsule.
So, it s surrounded by 2 membranes.

9. Levator glandulae thyroideae
A small pyramidal lobe is often present which projects from the upper border of the isthmus usually to left of middle line.
Pyramidal lobe is connected to hyoid bone by a fibrous or muscular band called levator glandulae thyroideae.
This represents the fibrosed & obliterated thyroglossal duct.
Levator glandulae thyroideae

10. RELATIONs OF THE THYROID
Anterolaterally: (4 S).
1. Sternothyroid.
2. Sternohyoid.
3. Superior belly of omohyoid
4. Sternomastoid.

11. 2- Thyroidea ima artery:
ARTERIAL SUPPLY
1-Superior thyroid artery: :
From the external carotid artery
It descends to the upper pole of the lobe, with the external laryngeal nerve.
It runs along the upper border of the isthmus to anastomosis with its fellow.
2- Thyroidea ima artery:
If present, it arises from aortic arch or from brachiocephalic artery.
It ascends in front of the trachea to reach the isthmus.

12. 3-Inferior thyroid artery From the thyrocervical trunk of 1st part of subclavian artery, ascends behind the gland to the level of cricoid cartilage. It curves medially behind the carotid sheath. Then it reaches the posterior aspect of the gland & descends downwards. The recurrent laryngeal nerve crosses either in front or behind it.

14. Veins of Thyroid Gland Lymph Of the Thyroid Gland:
1-Superior thyroid vein internal jugular vein
2- Middle thyroid vein internal jugular vein
3- Inferior thyroid veinunite left brachiocephalic vein
Lymph Of the Thyroid Gland:
Deep cervical & paratracheal

15. Nerves: 1- laryngeal and 2- cardiac branches of the vagus nerve
Sympathetic fibers from superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia reach the gland through the
1- laryngeal and
2- cardiac branches of the vagus nerve

16. PARATHYROID GLAND
4 small ovoid bodies, about 6 mm. long. They lie within the fascial capsule of the gland, (between the 2 membranes). 2 superior parathyroid has a constant position at the middle of posterior border of the gland. 2 inferior parathyroid usually at the level of the inferior pole. They sometimes lie within the thyroid tissue or sometimes outside the fascial capsule.

17. Arterial supply
They are supplied mainly by the inferior thyroid artery
Venous Drainage
Blood is drained mainly by inferior thyroid vein
Lympahatic drainage
Lymph is drained to deep cervical and paratracheal lymph nodes
Nerve Supply
They are supplied by sympathetic fibers

18. Suprarenal Glands
The two suprarenal glands are yellowish retroperitoneal organs that lie on the upper poles of the kidneys , just above the level of T12
They are surrounded by renal fascia (but are separated from the kidneys by the perirenal fat).
Each gland has an outer cortex and an inner medulla.

19. Anterior: right lobe of the liver and inferior vena cava.
The right gland is pyramidal in shape and caps the upper pole of the right kidney.
Relations:
Anterior: right lobe of the liver and inferior vena cava.
Posterior: diaphragm.
The left gland is crescentic in shape and extends along the medial border of the left kidney from the upper pole to the hilus.
Relations:
Anterior: pancreas, lesser sac, and stomach
Posterior: diaphragm.

20. Arteries: Each gland receives branches from three main arteries:
1- Superior suprarenal a. from Inferior phrenic
2- Middle suprarenal art. From the Aorta
3- Inferior suprarenal art. From Renal artery.

21. Veins: A single vein emerges from the hilum of each gland
The right adrenal vein drains into the Inferior vena cava
The left adrenal vein drains into the Lt Renal vein on the left.
Nerve Supply: Preganglionic sympathetic fibers derived from the splanchnic nerves. Most of the nerves end in the medulla of the gland.
Lymph Drainage: The lymph drains into the lateral aortic nodes.

22. Thank You