1. Bryce Hennings & Brooke Taylor
Respiratory System
Bryce Hennings & Brooke Taylor

2. Function
To supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the blood as it circulates through the body.

5. Upper Respiratory Tract
Consists primarily of the nose (nostrils and nasal passages)
Mouth
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Larynx

6. These structures filter, warm, and humidify inspired air.
Detects taste, smell, chewing and swallowing of food.

7. Nostrils and Nasal Passages
Air enters through your nostrils where small hairs and mucus filter out dust and foreign particles.
Air passes into two nasal passageways, separated by what is called the septum.

8. Nose Continued…
Sinuses and nasopharynx: located in the frontal, sphenoid, and maxillary bones
Sinuses provide speech resonance
Nasopharynx located behind nose and above throat.

9. Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx
Oropharynx posterior wall of mouth
It connects nasopharynx and laryngopharynx
Laryngopharynx extends to the esophagus and larynx

10. Larynx
Contains the vocal cords and connects the pharynx with the trachea.

11. Lower Respiratory Tract
Consists of the trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
These structures contain a mucous membrane with hair like cilia which lines the lower tract.
Cilia cleans the tract.

12. Trachea Extends from the cricoid cartilage
C shaped cartilage rings that protect and prevent it from collapsing

13. Bronchi The primary bronchi begin at the carina.
Right mainstream delivers air to the right lung, left mainstream to the left.

14. Secondary bronchi enter the pleural cavities and the lungs at the hilum and located behind the heart.

15. Alveoli
Respiratory bronchioles eventually become alveolar ducts, which terminate in clusters of capillary-swathed alveoli.

16. Types:
Type 1 cells are the most abundant. They are thin, flat, squamous cells that gas exchange occurs.
Type 2 cells secrete surfactant, which is a substance that coats alveolus and promotes gas exchange by lowering surface tension.

17. Lungs
Cone shaped, straddle the heart, anchored by root and pulmonary ligaments.
Right lung is shorter, broader and larger.
3 lobes (right) & handles 55% of gas exchange
2 lobes (left)

19. Pleura and Pleural Cavities
Pleura – membrane that totally encloses lung & composed of a visceral layer and parietal layer.
Visceral pleura hugs entire lung surface.

20. Serous Fluid & Functions
Pleural cavity - space between visceral and parietal layers contains a thin film of serous fluid which…
Lubricates pleural surfaces
Creates a bond between the layers that causes the lungs to move the chest wall when breathing.

21. Thoracic Cavity
Area surrounded by diaphragm, the scalene muscles and fascia of the neck and ribs, intercostal muscles, vertebrae, sternum, and ligaments (around the circumference)

22. Mediastinum This is the space between the lungs which contains the…
Heart and pericardium
Thoracic aorta
Pulmonary artery and veins
Venae cavae and azygos veins
Thymus, lymph nodes and vessels
Trachea, esophagus and thoracic duct
Vagus, cardiac, and phrenic nerves

23. Thoracic Cage
It is composed of bone and cartilage which supports and protects the lungs, allowing them to expand and contract
Posterior & anterior

24. How You Breathe

25. Inspiration and Expiration
Breathing simply involves inspiration and expiration
Both actions rely on respiratory muscle functions and effects of pressure

26. Rising of the diaphragm and relaxation of the intercostal muscles causes and increase in intrapleural pressure, resulting in expiration

27. Normal External intercostal muscles aid the diaphragm
Diaphragm descends to lengthen the chest cavity while intercostal muscles contract
This causes a reduction in intrapleural pressure, resulting in inspiration

28. What Affects Breathing?
Exercise is a major factor of determining breathing because when you exercise your body requires more oxygen

29. Continued…
Forced inspiration: when all of your muscles involved in breathing contract while trying to let in more oxygen for the lungs

30. Continued…
Active Expiration: internal intercostal muscles contract to shorten the chest’s diameter and depressing the ribs

31. Nervous System
Involuntary breathing results from stimulation of the respiratory center in the medulla and the pons of the brain
Monitors amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood (involuntarily)
When carbon dioxide levels rise, the rate and depth of breathing increases to eliminate excess carbon dioxide

32. Medulla also controls the contraction of the diaphragm which produce intrapulmonary pressure which causes inspiration.
When the workload of your body is increased, efficiency is decreased.

33. Gas Exchange Occurs rapidly in millions of tiny alveoli.
Inside these air sacs, oxygen inhaled diffuses into the blood while carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air (exhaled).
Then blood circulates throughout the body, delivering oxygen and picking up carbon dioxide.
Finally blood returns to lungs to be oxygenated again.

34. Acid-Base Balance
Oxygen taken up into the lungs is transported to the tissues by circulatory system
Is then exchanged for carbon dioxide produced by metabolism in body cells
Carbon dioxide can dissolve in blood which forms bicarbonate (base) and smaller amounts of carbonic acid (acid).

35. Most Common Forms of Lung Diseases…
Asthma.
Bronchitis.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Emphysema.
Lung cancer.
Pneumonia.
Pulmonary edema.

36. Respiration Changes With Aging
Structural – lungs become more rigid, alveoli number decreases as well as size.
30% reduction in respiratory fluids which heightens the risk of pulmonary infection and mucus plugs.
Closes airways due to poor ventilation
Lung tissue degeneration