1. Vocabulary: word building
EXERCISE 7
Vocabulary: word building
You can often make nouns from verbs by adding the suffixes “ –tion” and “-ance”. However, spellings may change somewhat. Make nouns from these verbs by competing the table.

2. Verbs
invite
receive
attend
enter
contribute
Nouns
invitation
reception
attendance
entrance
contribution

3. Use the verbs and nouns above to complete the sentences below.
1. Have you been ______ to Ben’s party? Yes, I received an ________ to his party today.
2. Jeremy, you didn’t ______ class this morning __________ is necessary if you want to pass!
invited
invitation
attend
Attendance

4. 3. The room has a secret ________ you can only _____ if you know where it is.
entrance
enter
4. We had a lovely wedding _________. We ____________ so many beautiful presents!
5. You ought to _________ money. But your ___________ doesn’t need to be big.
reception
have received
contribute
contribution

5. Make nouns from the following verbs
congratulate---
celebrate---
decorate---
admire---
relax—
graduate--
present ---
explore---
found---
compete---
promote—
react---
relaxation
graduation
congratulation
presentation
celebration
exploration
decoration
foundation
admiration
competition
promotion
reaction

6. Match the words to their meanings. 1. have to 2. don’t have to 3. can
Exercises 5 and 6
Match the words to their meanings.
1. have to
2. don’t have to
3. can
4. can’t
5. ought
6. ought not to
not necessary
necessary
not allowed/not possible
allowed/possible
not advisable
advisable

7. Complete the passage below with the following words: have to, don’t have to, can’t, can, ought to, ought not to
Weddings are happy occasions but when my sister got married last year, my mum and sister did not agree on anything. First It was the dress. My mum said, “Lisa, you ______ wear a white dress,” and my sister replied, “I ____________ wear white. I ____wear pink if I like.”
have to
don’t have to
can

8. Complete the passage below with the following words: have to, don’t have to, can’t, can, ought to, ought not to
Next it was the invitations. My mum
Said, “ Lisa, you really _______ invite Sally,” and my sister replied, “I ___________ Invite her---we have too many people already.” Then it was the flowers. My mum said, “you ____ have
ought to
don’t have to
can’t

9. Complete the passage below with the following words: have to, don’t have to, can’t, can, ought to, ought not to
lilies. I’ve heard that they’re bad luck,”
and my sister replied, “of course I ___
have lilies! I don’t believe they’re unlucky!” and then it was the cake!“ You really _______ have a fruit cake, Lisa,” said my mum, but Lisa wanted chocolate.
can
ought to

10. Complete the passage below with the following words: have to, don’t have to, can’t, can, ought to, ought not to
Finally, I told them that they really ___________ argue so much because it makes me hate weddings for life!
ought not to

11. Modal verbs(情态动词)
Lesson 3 Weddings2

12. Step 1 Definition and special points
（一）情态动词的定义    情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的 态度。 (二)情态动词的特点 ）有一定词义；直接构成否定式和疑问式； ）不受主语人称和数的变化影响； ）与主要动词的原形（或称不带to的不定 式）一起构成

13. Step 2 具体用法 1）表示能力，could主要指过去时间。 ▼ Two eyes can see more than one.
1. can could的用法
1）表示能力，could主要指过去时间。
▼ Two eyes can see more than one.  
两只眼比一只眼看得清。
▼ Could the girl read before she went to school?  
这女孩上学前能识字吗 ?

14. 2) 请求或允许(can’t 不允许)。
could 语气更委婉
▼ Can (Could) you lend me a hand?  
帮我一把好吗？
▼ —Can/Could I have a look at your new pen?
—Yes, you can./may.  
▼ I’m afraid we can’t give you an answer today.  
恐怕我们今天不能给你答复

15. 3)表 “有时候会” 理论上的可能性
It can be very cold in Jinjiang in winter.
即使一个有经验的老师有时候也会犯错
Even an experienced teacher can make mistakes.

16. 例1： — Could I borrow your dictionary? —Yes, of course you____. A. might B. will C. can D. should
析：选C。该句用can的委婉表达式could 来征求对方意见，could 和might通用，但回答时必须还成can或may，因此该题不选A.

17. Making choices ____ be difficult, especially when there is no one to turn to for advice. A. might B. should D. must C
C. can

18. Notice: can /be able to
1）can只有两种时态形式，现在式can和过去式could，而be able to有多种时态形式。
Mary can play the piano. She has been able to play it since she was 5. (玛丽会弹钢琴。她五岁起就会弹了。)
2）用在过去时中，could经常表示能够做某事，事实上不一定去做，
而was∕were able to则表示“过去做成了某事=managed to do, succeeded in doing”。

19. 例 4：
1. He was able to reach to the top of the Mount Himalaya in 1982.
2. He didn’t agree with me at first , but I _________ persuade him.
A could B was able to B

20. 2. must 的用法 （没必要） 1）must 表示义务 We must do everything step by step.
—Must we hand in our exercise books now?  
— Yes , you must.
— No, you needn’t. / No, you don’t have to.  
2）must 表“偏偏” “硬要”
Why must you find faults with me?
为什么你偏偏找我的茬？
（没必要）

21. have to 不得不
主观看法 只有一种形式
We must rely/depend on ourselves.
I have to give it up because of my illness.
表示客观需要 有多种时态

22. 1. You needn’t get up early.
否定表达
1. You needn’t get up early.
(你没必要早起。)
2. You mustn’t get up late.
（你不准晚起。）
★mustn’t表“禁止”, “不准,不许”
　▼You mustn’t talk to her like that.
不许你那样跟她讲话。
▼Children mustn’t play with fire.
小孩不准玩火。

23. 例 5：
—Must I start at once? —No, you____. A. needn’t B. mustn’t C. can’t D. won’t
析：A。由语境可知该答句表示“不必”，而mustn’t表示“不准、禁止”，不符合语境，显然应使用needn’t表示“不必”，但肯定句回答继续用must。

24. (06浙江）
—Can I have a word with you, mum?
—Oh, dear, if you _______.
A. can C. may D. should
(06山东）
—May I smoke here?
—If you ____, choose a seat in the smoking section.
A. should B. could C. may B
B. must D
D. must

25. Why _____ you always leave your dirty clothes in the bedroom?
A. need B. can C. may D
D. must

26. 3. should / ought to的用法 1） “应该” 表义务(某件事宜于做) ought to 语气更强
You should be polite to your teachers. 
You shouldn’t waste any time.  
Everyone ought to obey the traffic regulations
2）should 竟然 （惊讶的语气）
It is strange that he should be so rude.

27. 4. shall的用法 1）用于一三人称疑问句 表示征求对方意见
Shall we go out and have a walk after dinner?
Shall my sister come here now?
2) 用于二三人称陈述句 表示允诺、告诫、威胁、命令、规定等语气
You shall get an answer from me by tomorrow.
He shall go first, whether he wants or not.

28. 5. may/might的用法 1）表示允许；许可
You may use my dictionary as long as you return it before 17:00
I asked Jane if I might go and see her the next day.
2) 表示可能 might 比may可能性更小
Do you think Mr. Jackson may/might be here on time.

29. 1.表示能力
2. 请求，允许
3. 有时候会
1. 必须 表示义务
2. 偏偏 非得 硬要
1. 应该 表示义务 劝告
2. 表示惊讶的语气
1.一三疑问，求意见
2.二三陈述，表语气(允诺,威胁,命令)
1.表示允许
2.表示可能
can/could
must
should/ ought to
shall
may/ might

30. 情态动词表示猜测 You must be hungry after the long walk.
They must have fallen asleep
If you’re not careful, you could get into trouble.
He may be playing basketball on the ground.
He may not be happy.
It’s too late. I think he may have gone to bed.
She can’t be reading in the reading room now.

31. 情态动词表示猜测 一定 可能 可能不 不可能 must can/could>may/might may not/ might not
can’t/ couldn’t 肯 do
be doing
have done 一般 肯
肯、疑
正在进行
已经完成 否 否

32. 例2：
—_____the news be true? —No, it _____ be true. A. Can, can’t B. May, can’t C. May, may not D. Must, mustn’t
析： 选A。因为前半句是疑问句，后半句为否定句，两空都不能使用may/might 和must，应而用can和can’t。

33. 例 3：
The light in his room is still on, so he _____ to bed. A. mustn’t have gone B. must have gone C. shouldn’t have gone D. can’t have gone
析：选D。由于他房间里的灯还亮着推测，他不可能已经上床睡觉了，应填can’t have gone 。

34. You must be a writer, aren’t you?
注意这一用法中的反义疑问句形式
You must be a writer, aren’t you?
He must have seen the movie Titanic, hasn’t he?
You must have done your homework yesterday evening, didn’t you?
情态动词表对过去的情况进行“推测”（must/… + have done）时，
1)如强调对过去情况的推测(一般句中有过去的时间状语)，
反意疑问句部分要用“didn’t + 主语”；
2)如果强调动作的完成（一般没有过去时间状语），
反意疑问句部分要用“haven’t / hasn’t + 主语”。

35. 拓展 are You can’t be serious, _____you? The children must have watered
the tomatoes yesterday, _______they﹖
didn’t
The minister must have
arrived in Shanghai, _______hehe﹖
hasn’t

36. should do sth 表推测，意为“想必一定、照说应该、估计”等
The film should sell very well as it is starring first—class actors.  
They should be home by now.  
ought to / should have done sth
oughtn’t to / shouldn’t have done sth.
You ought to/should have been more careful.
She shouldn’t have taken away my tape, for I wanted to use it.
本该做而未做
本不该做却做了

37. As you worked late yesterday, you ___ have come this morning.
(06陕西）
As you worked late yesterday, you ___ have come this morning.
A. needn’t B. may not
C. can’t D. mustn’t A

38. A
◆(04全国) Mr. White_____ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’t show up. B. should arrive C. should had arrived D. should be arriving ◆(04福建) —I’ll tell Marry about her new job tomorrow. —You ____ her last week. A. ought to tell B. could have told C. must tell
A. should have arrived D
D. should have told

39. —Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you.
(05福建)
—Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you.
—Thanks. You ____ it. I could manage it myself.
A. needn’t do
C. mustn’t do D. shouldn’t have done B
B. needn’t have done

40. A. should C. wouldn’t D. can’t B. must (NMET 05)
He ______ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldn’t be enjoying himself by the seaside.
A. should
C. wouldn’t D. can’t B
B. must

41. B. needn’t have attended C. mustn’t have attended
(00 上海)
My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday, so he ______ your lecture.
B. needn’t have attended
C. mustn’t have attended
D. shouldn’t have attended A
A. couldn’t have attended

42. 情态动词典型例题
1. Johnny, you ______play with the knife, you ____hurt yourself. ( )
A. won't ; can't B. mustn't ; may
C. shouldn't ; must D. can't ; wouldn't B

43. 2. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ___ get out. ( )
A. had to B. would
C. could D. was able to D
3. ---When can I come for the photos ? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
---They _____be ready by 12 : ( )
A. can B. should C. might D. need B

44. 4. She must have forgotten about the class _______? ( )
A. doesn’t she B. mustn’t she
C. hasn’t she D. won’ t she C
5. See who’s there ! ______ it be Mary ?
A. May B. Must C. Can D. will C

45. Discuss our school rules in groups, by using the modals: have to / not have to, can/can’t , should/ shouldn’t.
For example:
Presenter: Can you tell us our school rules?
A: Yes you can’t dye your hair colorful.
B: …….
C: …….

46. 3) must 表示揣测。意为“想必、准是、一定”等，只用于肯定句。must be , must have done, must be doing
▼ He must be ill. He looks so pale.  
▼ She’s wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money. 
▼ It’s two o’clock. They must have had lunch.  
▼ They must be discussing the problem. They are talking loudly.