1. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION CDMA CHANNEL STRUCTURE AND MODULATION 2004.10.3

2. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to master: Objectives -- The forward channel in IS-95 Pilot ;Sync ; Paging and Traffic -- The reverse channel in IS-95 Access; Traffic -- CDMA Call Processing -- New Channels in CDMA20001X

3. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION CDMA Forward Traffic Channels Used for the transmission of user and signaling information to a specific mobile station during a call. Maximum number of traffic channels: 64 minus one Pilot channel, one Sync channel, and 1 Paging channel. –This leaves each CDMA frequency with at least 55 traffic channels. –Unused paging channels can provide up to 6 additional channels. Forward Traffic Channel Sync Paging Forward Traffic Channel Pilot  CDMA Cell Site

4. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Forward Traffic Channel Generation 8 kb Vocoding Walsh function Power Control Bit I PN 9600 bps 4800 bps 2400 bps 1200 bps (Vocoder) Convolutional Encoding and Repetition 1.2288 Mcps Long PN Code Generation 800 Hz R = 1/2, K=9 Q PN Decimator User Address Mask (ESN-based) 19.2 ksps 1.2288 Mcps Scrambling bitssymbolschips 19.2 ksps CHANNEL ELEMENT MUXMUX Block Interleaving

5. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Rate 1/2, k=9 Convolutional Encoding Symbols generated as the information bits transit through the encoder, are related to all the bits currently in the register. Each information bit contributes to multiple symbols. Pattern of inter-relationships helps detect and correct errors. The length of shift register is called constraint (K=9) length. –The longer the register, the better coding can correct bursty errors –Reduces power required to achieve same accuracy with coding Here, two symbols are generated for every bit input (Rate 1/2). Code Symbol Output 12345678 g 0 g 1 c 0 c 1 Data Bit Input

6. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Symbols are Written In Symbols are Read Out 16 Columns 24 Rows Full Rate Block Interleave Array The 384 modulation symbols in a frame are input into a 24 by 16 block interleave array read down by columns, from left to right The modulation symbols are then read out of the array in rows

7. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Full Rate Block Interleave Adjacent symbols are now separated in time –This separation combats the effect of fast fading A burst of errors could effect the area in red above and after the frame is written into the block de-interleave function at the mobile we see the errors are spread out instead of being in consecutive order. Symbols are Written In Symbols are Read Out 16 Columns 24 Rows

8. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Data Scrambling Every 64th PN chip is modulo-2 added to a symbol Randomize transmitted data –Effects of all 1s ’ or 0s' traffic (impulse-like) is reduced Eliminates probability of Pilot Reuse Error –Mobile might demodulate a distant cell with same PN offset Block Interleaver Long Code PN Generator 19.2 Ksps Modulation Symbols User Address Mask (ESN) Decimator Divide by 64 19.2 Ksps 1.2288 Mcps 19.2 Ksps To Power Control Mux

9. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Power Control Subchannel Base station receiver estimates received signal strength of mobile over a 1.25 ms period (800/s) A power control subchannel is transmitted continuously –A power up/down command is sent 800 times a second A puncturing technique sends Power Control Bits at full power and uncoded 19.2 Ksps from Block Interleaver 1.2288 Mcps User Long Code Decimator Scrambled Modulation Symbol or Power Control Bit 19.2 Ksps Decimator Data Scrambling MUXMUX 800 Hz Mux Timing Power Control Bit (800 bps)

10. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Orthogonal Spreading Each symbol output from the Mux is exclusive OR ’ d by the assigned Walsh function Walsh function has fixed chip rate of 1.2288 Mcps Result is 64 chips output for each symbol input Channels are distinguished from each other by Walsh function Bandwidth used greatly exceeds source rate To Quadrature Spreading 19.2 Ksps MUXMUX 1.2288 Mcps Walsh Function from Index Wt 800 Hz Mux Timing Power Control Bit (800 bps) Scrambled Data

11. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Quadrature Spreading & Baseband Filtering The forward traffic channel is combined with two different PN sequences: “ I ” and “ Q ” Baseband filtering ensures the waveforms are contained within the 1.25 MHz frequency range The final step is to convert the two baseband signals to radio frequency (RF) in the 800 MHz or 1900 MHz range Convolutional Encoding Code Symbol Repetition Vocoder Processing Baseband Traffic to RF Section PCM Voice Block Interleaving Data Scrambling Power Control Subchannel Orthogonal Spreading Quadrature Spreading Baseband Filtering (Symbol Puncturing) Walsh Function 1.2288 Mcps 19.2 ksps from Power Control Mux I-Channel Pilot PN Sequence 1.2288 Mcps Baseband Filter Baseband Filter I Q  I Q Q-Channel Pilot PN Sequence 1.2288 Mcps cos(2  f c t) sin(2  f c t) GAINGAIN

12. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Composite “ I ” and “ Q ” Each CHM has a combiner and works in a serial array to combine the I and Q signals for all forward channels in a partition sector or cell. Pilot Channel Walsh Code Sync Channel Walsh Code Paging Channel(s) Walsh Code Forward Traffic Channel(s) Walsh Code “I” PN Code “Q” PN Code Composite “I” Composite “Q”

13. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Quadrature Phase Shift Key (QPSK) Modulation Q 1 sin (2  f c t ) + Q 2 sin (2  f c t ) = ( Q 1 + Q 2 ) sin (2  f c t ) I 1 cos ( 2  f c t ) + I 2 cos (2  f c t ) = ( I 1 + I 2 ) cos ( 2  f c t )  : XOR   : Analog sum  : Baseband x Carrier Every Channel Walsh code “Q” PN Code “I” PN Code Baseband filter cos ( 2  f c t ) sin (2  f c t )         Gain Control

14. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Forward Traffic Channel Generation (13 kb Vocoding) Walsh function Power Control Bit I PN 14400 bps 7200 bps 3600 bps 1800 bps (Vocoder) Convolutional Encoding and Repetition 1.2288 Mcps Long PN Code Generation 800 Hz R = 1/2, K=9 Q PN Decimator User Address Mask (ESN-based) 19.2 ksps 1.2288 Mcps Scrambling bits symbols chips 28.8 ksps CHANNEL ELEMENT MUXMUX Block Interleaving Symbol Puncturing (13 kb only) 19.2 ksps

15. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Forward Channel Demodulation Three elements must be capable of demodulating multipath components One must be a “ searcher ” that scans and estimates signal strength at each pilot PN sequence offset IS-95A/J-STD-008 requires a minimum of four processing elements that can be independently directed: Digital Rake Receiver Receiver RF Section IF, Detector Transmitter RF Section Vocoder Traffic Correlator PN xxxWalsh xx  Traffic Correlator PN xxxWalsh xx Traffic Correlator PN xxxWalsh xx Pilot Searcher PN xxxWalsh 0 Viterbi Decoder CPU Duplexer Transmitter Digital Section Long Code Gen. Open Loop Transmit Gain Adjust Messages Audio Packets Symbols Chips RF AGC

16. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Pilot Channel Used by the mobile station for initial system acquisition Transmitted constantly by the base station The same Short PN sequences are shared by all base stations –Each base station is differentiated by a phase offset Provides tracking of: –Timing reference –Phase reference Separation by phase provides for extremely high reuse within one CDMA channel frequency Acquisition by mobile stations is enhanced by: –Short duration of Pilot PN sequence –Uncoded nature of pilot signal Facilitates mobile station-assisted handoffs –Used to identify handoff candidates –Key factor in performing soft handoffs

17. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Pilot Channel Generation The Walsh function zero spreading sequence is applied to the Pilot The use of short PN sequence offsets allows for up to 512 distinct Pilots per CDMA channel The PN offset index value (0-511 inclusive) for a given pilot PN sequence is multiplied by 64 to determine the actual offset –Example: 15 (offset index) x 64 = 960 PN chips –Result: The start of the pilot PN sequence will be delayed 960 chips x 0.8138 microseconds per chip = 781.25 microsecond Pilot Channel (All 0’s) 1.2288 Mcps I PN Q PN Walsh Function 0

18. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Pilot Channel Acquisition The mobile station starts generating the I and Q PN short sequences by itself and correlating them with the received composite signal at every possible offset. In less than 15 seconds (typically 2 to 4 seconds) all possibilities (32,768) are checked. –The mobile station remembers the offsets for which it gets the best correlation (where the Ec/Io is the best. The mobile station locks on the best pilot (at the offset that results in the best Eb/N0), and identifies the pattern defining the start of the short sequences (a ‘ 1 ’ that follows fifteen consecutive ‘ 0 ’ s). Now the mobile station is ready to start de-correlating with a Walsh code. 00…01 Pilot Channel (Walsh Code 0)

19. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION What is Ec/Io? E c /I o –Measures the “ strength ” of the pilot –Foretells the readability of the associated traffic channels –Guides soft handoff decisions –Is digitally derived as the ratio of good to total energy seen by the search correlator at the desired PN offset –Never appears higher than Pilot ’ s percentage of serving cell ’ s transmitted energy –Can be degraded by strong RF from other cells, sectors –Can be degraded by noise E c /I o dB -25-15-100 EcEc Io Io Energy of desired pilot alone Total energy received

20. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Sync Channel Used to provide essential system parameters Used during system acquisition stage Bit rate is 1200 bps Sync channel has a frame duration of 26 2/3 ms –Frame duration matches the period of repetition of the PN Short Sequences –Simplifies the acquisition of the Sync Channel once the Pilot Channel has been acquired Mobile Station re-synchronizes at the end of every call (Acquired Pilot) Sync Channel

21. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Sync Channel Generation 1200 bps Walsh Function 32 1.2288 Mcps I PN Convolutional Encoder and Repetition Block Interleaver R = 1/2 K=9 Modulation Symbols 4800 sps BitsChips Q PN

22. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Sync Channel Message Body Format MSG_TYPE (‘00000001’) P_REV MIN_PREV SID NID PILOT_PN LC_STATE SYS_TIME LP_SEC LTM_OFF DAYLT PRAT CDMA_FREQ 8 8 8 8 8 8 15 16 9 9 42 36 8 8 6 6 1 1 2 2 11 Field Length (bits) Total : 170

23. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Sync Message Parameters Message Type (MSG_TYPE) – Identifies this message and determines its structure (set to the fixed value of ‘ 00000001 ’ ) Protocol Revision Level (P_REV) – Shall be set to ‘ 00000001 ’ Minimum Protocol Revision Level (MIN_P_REV) – 8-bit unsigned integer identifying the minimum protocol revision level required to operate on the system. Only mobile stations that support revision numbers greater than or equal to this field can access the system. System ID (SID) – 16-bit unsigned integer identifying the system Network ID (NID) – 16-bit unsigned integer identifying the network within the system (defined by the owner of the SID) Pilot PN Sequence Offset Index (PILOT_PN) – Set to the pilot PN offset for the base station (in units of 64 chips), assigned by the network planner Long Code State (LC_STATE) – Provides the mobile station with the base station long code state at the time given by the SYS_TIME field, generated dynamically System Time (SYS_TIME) – GPS system-wide time as 320 ms after the end of the last superframe containing any part of this message, minus the pilot PN offset, in units of 80 ms, generated dynamically

24. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Sync Channel Message Parameters (cont.) Leap Seconds (LP_SEC) – Number of leap seconds that have occurred since the start of system time (January 6, 1980 at 00:00:00 hours) as given in the SYS_TIME field, generated dynamically Local Time Offset (LTM_OFF) – Two ’ s complement offset of local time from system time in units of 30 minutes, generated dynamically –Current local = SYS_TIME – LP_SEC + LTM_OFF Daylight savings time indicator (DAYLT) – Determined by the network planner –1 if daylight savings in effect in this base station –0 otherwise Paging Channel Data Rate (PRAT) – The data rate of the paging channel for this system, determined by the network planner –00 if 9600 bps –01 if 4800 bps CDMA Frequency Assignment (CDMA_FREQ)

25. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Paging Channels There is one paging channel per sector per CDMA carrier The Paging Channel uses Walsh function 1 Two rates are supported: 9600 and 4800 bps Paging Channel Used by the base station to transmit system overhead information and mobile station-specific messages. Used by the base station to transmit system overhead information and mobile station-specific messages.

26. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Paging Channel Generation Walsh code #1 is used to spread the data. This results in an increase to 1.2288 Mcps –That is, 24,576 9600 [4800] bps x 0.020 s = 192 [96] bits in a Paging Channel frame. The Rate 1/2 convolutional encoder doubles the bit rate, resulting 384 [192] code symbols in a Paging Channel frame. If the 4800 bps rate is used, the repetition process doubles the rate again, so that, at either rate, 384 modulation symbols per Paging Channel frame result 384 modulation symbols per frame times 50 frames per second = 19.2 Ksps chips per Paging Channel frame, or 128 [256] chips per original bit at 9600 [4800] bps 9600 bps 4800 bps Walsh function 1.2288 Mcps Q PN 1.2288 Mcps 19.2 Ksps 19.2 Ksps Paging Channel Address Mask R = 1/2 K=9 Decimator Convolutional Encoder & Repetition I PN Block Interleaving Scrambling Long PN Code Generator

27. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Paging Channel Time Slot Structure 7654321076543210 SCI163.84 s SCI = Slot Cycle Index T = Slot Cycle Length in 1.28 s units 80 ms 1.28 s

28. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION MS How to Watch Paging Channel System Time Paging Channel Slots 204701234121314151617 1.28 seconds Mobile Station in Non-Active State Assigned Paging Channel Slot Re-acquisition of CDMA System Mobile Station in Non-Active State 80 ms

29. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Paging Channel Overhead Messages Mobile-Station- Directed Messages Mobile-Station- Directed Messages Overhead Messages Overhead Messages Access Parameters Message System Parameters Message CDMA Channel List Message Extended System Parameters Message Extended Neighbor List Message Configuration Parameter Messages Configuration Parameter Messages Global Service Redirection Message Paging Messages Paging Messages ACC_MSG_SEQ CONFIG_MSG_SEQ

30. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION CDMA Reverse Traffic Channels Used when a call is in progress to send: –Voice traffic from the subscriber –Response to commands/queries from the base station –Requests to the base station Supports variable data rate operation for: –8 Kbps vocoder Rate Set 1 - 9600, 4800, 2400 and 1200 bps –13 Kbps vocoder Rate Set 2 - 14400, 7200, 3600, 1800 bps Reverse Traffic Channel

31. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION 9600 bps 4800 bps 2400 bps 1200 bps 28.8 ksps R=1/3,K=9 1.2288 Mcps User Address Mask Long PN Code Generator 28.8 ksps Orthogonal Modulation Data Burst Randomizer 307.2 kcps 1.2288 Mcps Q PN (no offset) I PN (no offset) D 1/2 PN Chip Delay Direct Sequence Spreading Convolutional Encoder & Repetition Block Interleaver Reverse Traffic Channel Generation at 8 kb Vocoding

32. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION + + + g0g0 g1g1 g2g2 Information bits (INPUT) Code Symbols (OUTPUT) Code Symbols (OUTPUT) Code Symbols (OUTPUT) 12345678 Rate 1/3 Convolutional Encoder

33. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION 28.8 ksps From Coding & Symbol Repetition 28.8 ksps to Orthogonal Modulation Input Array (Normal Sequence) 32 x 18 Output Array (Reordered Sequence) 32 x 18 Reverse Traffic Channel Block Interleaving 20 ms symbol blocks are sequentially reordered Combats the effects of fast fading Separates repeated symbols at 4800 bps and below –Improves survivability of symbol data –“ Spreads ” the effect of spurious interference

34. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Reverse Traffic Channel: 64-ary Orthogonal Modulation For every six symbols in, 64 Walsh Chips are output Six symbols are converted to a decimal number from 0-63 The Walsh code that corresponds to the decimal number becomes the output 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 Symbols 3544 Walsh Lookup Table 1 0 0 0 1... 1 1 0 1 0 64 Chip Pattern of Walsh Code # 35

35. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Reverse Traffic Channel: Direct Sequence Spreading Output of the randomizer is direct sequence spread by the long code The mobile station can use one of two unique long code masks: –A public long code mask based on the ESN –A private long code mask 1.2288 Mcps User Address Mask Long Code PN Generator Data Burst Randomizer 307.2 kcps To Quadrature Spreading 1.2288 Mcps

36. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Offset Quadrature Spreading & Baseband Filtering The channel is spread by a pilot PN sequence with a zero offset Baseband filtering ensures that the waveform is contained within the required frequency limits Baseband signals converted to radio frequency (RF) in the 800 MHz or 1900 MHz range 1.2288 Mcps I-Channel Pilot PN Sequence 1.2288 Mcps PN I Q I Q cos( 2  f c t) sin(2  f c t) PN chip 1.2288 Mcps From Data Burst Randomizer  RF Converters D 1/2 PN Chip Time Delay Baseband Filter Baseband Filter

37. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION 14400 bps 7200 bps 3600 bps 1800 bps 28.8 ksps R=1/2,K=9 1.2288 Mcps User Address Mask Long PN Code Generator 28.8 ksps Orthogonal Modulation Data Burst Randomizer 307.2 kcps 1.2288 Mcps Q PN (no offset) I PN (no offset) D 1/2 PN Chip Delay Direct Sequence Spreading Convolutional Encoder & Repetition Block Interleaver Reverse Traffic Channel Generation at 13 kb Vocoding

38. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Reverse Channel Demodulation IS-95A/J-STD-008 requires a process that is complementary to the mobile station modulation process CDMA processing benefits from multipath components –Signals from several receive elements can be combined to improve receive signal quality U/D Command De-Interleaver Speech Output Combiner BTS ReceiverBSC Power Control Decision Viterbi Decoder Vocoder Demodulator Search Correlator Demodulator Search Correlator Demodulator Search Correlator Demodulator Search Correlator PN+ t User Long Code 

39. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Access Channels Used by the mobile station to: –Initiate communication with the base station –Respond to Paging Channel messages Has a fixed data rate of 4800 bps Each Access Channel is associated with only one Paging Channel Up to 32 access channels (0-31) are supported per Paging Channel 4800 bps

40. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION 28.8 ksps Convolutional Encoder & Repetition R = 1/3 1.2288 Mcps Access Channel Long Code Mask Long PN Code Generator 28.8 ksps Orthogonal Modulation 307.2 kcps 1.2288 Mcps Q PN (No Offset) I PN (No Offset) D 1/2 PN Chip Delay Block Interleaver Access Channel Information (88 bits/Frame) 4.8 kpbs Direct Sequence Spreading Access Channel Generation Message attempts are randomized to reduce probability of collision Two message types: –A response message (in response to a base station message) –A request message (sent autonomously by the mobile station)

41. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Access Channel Long Code Mask An Access Channel is scrambled by the long code, offset by a mask constructed as follows: Where: ACN is the Access Channel Number, PCN is the Number of the associated Paging Channel BASE_ID is the base station identification number, and PILOT_PN is the Pilot short PN code offset index 110001111 PCNACNBASE_IDPILOT_PN 4133 32028 2725 249 8

42. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Access Channel Probing Access Probe 1 Access Probe 1 Access Probe 1 Access Probe 1 Access Probe 1 + NUM_STEP (16 max) System Time TARTTARTTARTTA PI IP (Initial Power) See previous figure ACCESS PROBE SEQUENCE Select Access Channel (RA) initialize transmit power

43. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Access Channel Probing System Time See previous figure ONE ACCESS CHANNEL SLOT ACH Frame (20 ms) ACCESS CHANNEL PREAMBLE (Modulation Symbol 0) ACCESS CHANNEL MESSAGE CAPSULE ACTUAL ACCESS PROBE TRANSMISSION PN Randomization Delay = RN chips = RN x 0.8138 µs ACCESS PROBE 1 + PAM_SZ (1 - 16 frames) 3 + MAX_CAP_SZ (3 - 10 frames) 4 + PAM_SZ + MAX_CAP_SZ (4 - 26 frames) Access Channel Slot and Frame Boundary

44. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Access Channel Probing Seq 2Seq 3 Seq MAX_REQ_SEQ (15 max) RS Access Attempt PD System Time Access Probe Sequence 1 REQUEST ATTEMPT Request message ready for transmission PD Seq 2Seq 4Seq 3 Seq MAX_RSP_SEQ (15 max) RS Access Attempt RS System Time Access Probe Sequence 1 RESPONSE ATTEMPT Response message ready for transmission

45. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Access Channel Probing Parameters RA - Access Channel Number. Random value between 0 and ACC_CHAN; generated before every sequence (maximum range is 0 - 31). IP – Initial Open-Loop Power. Calculated in dBm as follows: IP =k - Mean Input Power (dBm) + NOM_PWR (dB) - NOM_PWR_EXT x 16 (dB) + INIT_PWR (dB) where k = -73 for 800 MHz Cellular and -76 for 1900 PCS. PI – Power Increment. Equal to PWR_STEP in dB (range is 0 to 7 dB). TA – Acknowledgment Response Timeout (timeout from the end of the slot). Calculated in ms as follows (range is 160 to 1360 ms): TA = 80 x (2 + ACC_TMO) RT – Probe Backoff. Random value between 0 and 1 + PROBE_BKOFF; generated before every sequence (maximum range is 0 - 16 slots). RS – Sequence backoff. Random value between 0 and 1 + BKOFF; generated before every sequence (except the first sequence). Maximum range of values is 0 to 16 slots PD – Persistence delay. (Value used to implement the “ persistence test ” ). RN – PN Randomization Delay. (0 to 511 chips). Generated before every sequence, between 0 and 2 PROBE_PN_RAN - 1, by hash, using ESN_S.

46. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION CDMA MS Call Processing Power-Up Initialization Idle System Access System Access Traffic Mobile station has fully acquired system timing Mobile station receives a Paging Channel message requiring ACK or response, originates a call, or performs registration Mobile station is directed to a Traffic Channel Mobile station ends use of the Traffic Channel Mobile station receives an ACK to an Access Channel transmission other than an Origination Message or a Page Response Message Mobile station is in idle handoff with NGHBR_CONFG equal to ‘011’ or is unable to receive Paging Channel Message

47. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Mobile Station Originated Call Allocates resources Mobile StationBase Station Detects user-initiated call Sends Origination Message Detects user-initiated call Sends Origination Message ACCESS (FW null traffic is arriving but the mobile station does not know on what channel; therefore, the mobile station cannot start decoding it) Sends message with this information to the switch Sends Base Station Acknowledge- ment Order Sends message with this information to the switch Sends Base Station Acknowledge- ment Order FW TRAFFIC Allocates resources for Service Option 1 Begins transmitting null Reverse Traffic Channel Data Sends Service Request Message for Service Option 1 Begins transmitting null Reverse Traffic Channel Data Sends Service Request Message for Service Option 1 RV TRAFFIC Acquires the Reverse Traffic Channel Sends Base Station Acknowledge- ment Order Acquires the Reverse Traffic Channel Sends Base Station Acknowledge- ment Order FW TRAFFIC Sets up Traffic Channel Receives N 5m =2 consecutive valid frames Begins sending the Reverse Traffic Channel Preamble Sets up Traffic Channel Receives N 5m =2 consecutive valid frames Begins sending the Reverse Traffic Channel Preamble Sends Channel Assignment Message PAGING RV TRAFFIC Switch Sets up Traffic Channel Begins sending null traffic Sets up Traffic Channel Begins sending null traffic Stops probing PAGING

48. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Mobile Station Originated Call (User Conversation) Optional Applies ring back from audio path Optional Applies ring back from audio path Optional Removes ring back from audio path Optional Removes ring back from audio path Begins processing primary traffic in accordance with Service Option 1 Sends Service Connect Completion Message Optional Sends Origination Continuation Message Begins processing primary traffic in accordance with Service Option 1 Sends Service Connect Completion Message Optional Sends Origination Continuation Message RV TRAFFIC Optional Sends Alert With Information Message (ring back tone) Optional Sends Alert With Information Message (tones off) Message sent to the switch indicating that the mobile station is ready Optional Sends Alert With Information Message (ring back tone) Optional Sends Alert With Information Message (tones off) Message sent to the switch indicating that the mobile station is ready FW TRAFFIC Completes the call (User Conversation) Allocates resources for Service Option 1 Sends Service Connect Message Allocates resources for Service Option 1 Sends Service Connect Message Mobile Station Base StationSwitch FW TRAFFIC

49. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Mobile Station Terminated Call Stops probing (FW null traffic is arriving but the mobile station does not know on what channel; therefore, the mobile station cannot start decoding it) Sets up Traffic Channel Begins sending null Traffic Channel data Acquires the Reverse Traffic Channel Sends Base Station Acknowledge- ment Order Sets up Traffic Channel Receives N 5m =2 consecutive valid frames Begins sending the Reverse Traffic Channel Preamble Begins transmitting null Traffic Channel data Sends General Page Message Sends Page Response Message ACCESS PAGING RV TRAFFIC FW TRAFFIC PAGING FW TRAFFIC RV TRAFFIC Switch Mobile StationBase Station Sends Channel Assignment Message Sends Base Station Acknowledge- ment Order Sends message to switch indicating that the mobile station has responded Allocates resources PAGING Switch

50. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Mobile Station Terminated Call Sends Alert With Information Message (ring) Begins processing primary traffic in accordance with Service Option 1 Sends Service Connect Completion Message Begins processing primary traffic in accordance with Service Option 1 Sends Service Connect Completion Message Starts ringing User answers call Stops ringing Sends Connect Order Starts ringing User answers call Stops ringing Sends Connect Order (User Conversation) FW TRAFFIC RV TRAFFIC Sends Service Connect Message FW TRAFFIC Sends message to the switch indicating that the mobile station is ready Call proceeds Allocates resources for Service Option 1 Sends Service Response Message accepting Service Option 1 Allocates resources for Service Option 1 Sends Service Response Message accepting Service Option 1 RV TRAFFIC Sends Service Request Msg for Service Option 1 FW TRAFFIC Begins transmitting null Traffic Channel data RV TRAFFIC Switch Mobile StationBase Station

51. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION CDMA20001XRtt New Channel Structure

52. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Benefits of the CDMA2000 1x Standards Increased mobile standby battery life (via Quick Paging Channel) Total backward compatibility to reuse switch and call processing features 2-3 dB better coverage High speed 153.6 kbps packet data capabilities CDMA2000 1x = 1.25 MHz Radio Transmission Technology

53. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Backward Compatible with IS-95 Air Interface No need to change any RF infrastructure Capacity improvements will not be realized until most IS- 95 subscribers disappear IS-95 mobiles are supported in the IS-2000 standard for 1xRTT:

54. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Cdma2000 1xRtt Channel(Qualcomm)

55. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Channel List: 1xRTT vs. IS-95 IS-95B built on the IS-95A channels, and introduced two new channels –Fundamental channel was the same as IS-9A traffic channel –Supplemental code channels assigned to support rates above 14.4Kbps IS-2000 1xRTT continue to build on the IS-95 channels –IS-95 channels continue to be supported in IS-2000 to support IS- 95 mobiles Pilot channel Sync channel Paging channel Access channel Forward Traffic ChannelReverse Traffic Channel Fundamental channelFundamental channel Supplemental Code channel (F-SCCH) Supplemental Code channel (R-SCCH) Supplemental channel (F-SCH) Supplemental channel (R-SCH) Quick Paging channel (F-QPCH)Reverse Pilot channel (R-PICH) IS-95B 1xRTT IS-95A Forward Reverse

56. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Forward Supplemental Channel (F-SCH) Assigned for high-speed packet data (>9.6 kbps) in the forward direction; (FCH is always assigned to each call) Up to 2 F-SCH can be assigned to a single mobile –SCH cannot exist without having a fundamental channel established F-SCH supports Walsh code lengths of 4 - 1024 depending on data rate and chip rate SCH-1 File transfer at 144 kbps FCH Voice, power control and link continuity Mobile 1

57. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Reverse Supplemental Channel (R-SCH) Used for high-speed packet data (>9.6 kbps) Difference between F-SCH and R-SCH is in Walsh code based spreading –F-SCH supports Walsh code lengths of 4 to 128 (1xRTT) or 1024 (3xRTT) depending on data rate and chip rate –R-SCH uses either a 2-digit or 4-digit Walsh code; rate matching done by repetition of encoded and interleaved symbols Walsh code allocation sequence is pre-determined and common to all mobiles Users are differentiated using long PN code with user mask

58. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Reverse Pilot Channel (R-PICH) Mobile transmits well-known pattern (pilot) Allows base station to do timing corrections without having to guess where mobile is (in search window) Mobile can transmit at lower power, reducing interference to others

59. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Quick Paging Channel (F-QPCH) More efficient monitoring of paging channel by mobile, enhancement to slotted paging Mobile monitors QPCH to determine if there is a page forthcoming on paging channel in its slot (looks at 1-bit paging indicator) If no flag, then mobile goes back to sleep; if flag, then mobile monitors appropriate slot and decodes general page message Without QPCH, mobile must monitor regular paging channel slot and decode several fields to determine whether page is for it or not; this drains mobile batteries quickly The main purpose of QPCH is to save mobile battery life.

60. Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION The End!