1. Racing Engine Technology & Ethanol as a Performance Racing Fuel Robert L. Colesworthy 12/3/07 Advanced Engineering & Technology Conference

2. Racing Engine Technology Speaker, Robert L. Colesworthy Does rod length really affect engine torque? Are aluminum blocks better than cast iron? Are aluminum heads better than cast iron? Are gear camshaft drives better than chain or belt drives? Is fuel injection better than carburetion? What makes horsepower? Where to spend your money 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com

3. Does rod length really affect engine torque? 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com

4. Are aluminum blocks better than cast iron ? Positives: Weight Repairablity Heat dissipation Negatives: Expansion rate differentials Lower strength Cylinder sleeves Dart “Big M” ferrous block

5. 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com Are aluminum heads better than cast iron ? Positives: Weight Ease of porting Repairablity Negatives: Expansion rate differentials Lower strength Heat dissipation Reher-Morrison “Raptor” BBC Head

6. 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com Are gear camshaft drives better than chain or belt drives? Positives: Durability Negatives: Power loss Noise Time consuming to change timing

7. 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com Is fuel injection better than carburetion? Fuel Injection Advantages: Fuel Mileage Lower Emissions Cold Startup/Driveablity Carburetor Advantages: More Horsepower (nat. asp.) Lower Cost Easier to Adjust & Service

8. 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com What Makes Horsepower? Formula: HP=Torque x RPM’s/5252 Increasing Torque: Increase Engine Displacement Increase Cylinder Pressures Reduce Parasitic Losses Increasing RPM’s: Speed Costs Money! $$$ Component Selection/Matching

9. 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com Where to Spend Your Money Buy: Quality matched components Great cylinder heads Titanium valves Stiff valve springs Avoid: Titanium Rods Extrusion Hone or “Home Porting” of heads & manifolds “Bigger is Better” syndrome

10. 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com Cool New Stuff! Oval Port`“Raptor” Heads “Beehive” Valve Springs Heart-Shaped Combustion Chamber

11. Ethanol as a Racing Fuel Winning on Ethanol - Why it works and what is driving racing to go to it Different blends, availability, and how E85 will fit the future Application specifics, a review of compatibility of parts, corrosion, etc. How to optimize for effective use of ethanol as a performance fuel 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com

12. Winning on Ethanol - What is Driving Racing to Go to It? Environmentally-friendly fuel Favorable political climate Safety Low cost and increasing availability Power-making potential 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com

14. “Ethanol Blends Significantly Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions” Argonne National Labs.

15. 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com Michael Wang – Argonne National Laboratory, Aug. 2005

16. Power Making Fuel Characteristics 1.Octane Rating 2.Burning Rate 3.Latent Heat of Vaporization 4.Energy Value 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com

17. 1. Octane Measures fuel’s resistance to pre- ignition and detonation, commonly called “knocking” Three common octane ratings for motor fuels:  Research Octane Number (RON)  Motor Octane Number (MON)  (R+M/2) method 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com

18. 1. Octane MON rating is most useful to racers because it is measured under high loads and at high RPM’s High MON rated fuels allow the use of higher compression and advanced spark timing 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com

19. 1. Octane 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com E85 delivers MON octane ratings equal to, or better than, most gasolines

20. 2. Burning Rate The speed at which fuel burns and releases its heat energy There is less time for fuel to burn at high RPM’s, so rapid burning fuel is a must in racing 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com

21. 2. Burning Rate Peak horsepower and engine efficiency are realized if fuel is almost completely burned by 20 degrees after Top Dead Center (TDC) 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com

22. 3. Latent Heat of Vaporization Measures a fuel’s ability to cool the intake charge and combustion chamber Measured in BTU’s per gallon Higher rated fuels remove heat better 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com

23. 3. Latent Heat of Vaporization E85 promotes better cooling: Making the intake charge more dense, thereby packing more energy (per volume) into the engine Helping to control detonation Reducing temperatures in the engine and oiling system components 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com

24. 4. Energy Value The total heat energy contained in a given amount of fuel – BTUs/lb. Horsepower generation depends on “Net Energy Value” - Equal to the energy value multiplied by the amount of fuel that can be burned 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com

25. 4. Energy Value A fuel’s “stoichiometric” defines its ideal air/fuel ratio Lower stoichiometric fuels allow more fuel to be burned which, in turn, increases the Net Energy Value of the fuel 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com

26. 4. Energy Value 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com The lower stoichiometric of E85 provides the fuel with a higher Net Energy Value than most gasolines

27. Fuel Comparison Chart 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com Fuel Octane (MON) Burning Rate (ms@stoic.) Latent Heat (BTU/gal) Energy Value BTU/lbs Power Stoic. Net Energy Value (MJ/kg) Pure Ethanol 102.3939612,8006.5/13.00 Pure Methanol 103.435039,7505/13.08 Pump Gasoline 80-90.34 150 (avg.) 18,700- 19,100 12.5/12.92 Racing Gasoline 99N/A 160 (est.) 18,500 (est.) 12.5/12.90 E3087-94.3633717,17810.7/12.94 E8599-100.3835914,0217.4/12.99

28. Fuel Rankings 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com Fuel Octane (MON) Burning Rate (ms@stoic.) Latent Heat (BTU/gal) Net Energy Value (MJ/kg) Pure Ethanol 2522 Pure Methanol 1611 Pump Gasoline 6265 Racing Gasoline 4156 E305344 E853433

29. 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com Dave Slatten – 540 CID Drag Race Engine Dyno Results

30. 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com Dave Slatten – 540 CID Drag Race Engine Dyno Results

31. Different Blends, Availability, and How E85 will Fit the Future E10 E85 E100 (E-98) 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com

32. Application Specifics, a Review of Compatibility of Parts, Corrosion, etc. E10: 1.Passenger car-compliant for decades. A simple replacement fuel 2.Reduced emissions/oxygenate 3.MTBE replacement 4.Promotes clean fuel injectors 5.Octane booster 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com

33. E85: 1.Requires vehicle modifications 2.“Flex Fuel” vehicle (FFV) – identified by a gas cap insignia 3.Ethanol-compatible fuel tank, pump, lines, etc. 4.Modified air/fuel ratio: enriched air/fuel ratio (approx. 25-28%) or specialized sensors and computer programming 5.Additional changes and race car handling considerations 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com

34. E100 (E98): 1.Contains 98% ethanol and 2% denaturing chemical 2.Race-only fuel (IRL series) 3.Extremely hygroscopic 4.May require “top oil” and post-race “pickling” procedures. 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com

35. How to Optimize for Effective Use of Ethanol as a Performance Fuel Know Your Fuel – Determine Actual Ethanol Content Fuel System Modifications Engine Modifications Handling and Storage Racing E85 Fuel 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com

36.  Know Your Fuel – Determine Actual Ethanol Content The actual ethanol content of E85 varies widely by the time of year and pump-to-pump. For our easy Four- Step Titration Method, you will need: 1. 100 ml. graduated cylinder & stopper 2. Sample of test E85 fuel 3. Distilled water 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com

37. Step 1: Fill the cylinder to the 50 ml. mark with the test fuel. 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com Six-Step Water Titration Method, for E85

38. Step 2: Add 48 ml. of distilled water. 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com Six-Step Water Titration Method, for E85

39. Step 3: Put stopper in top of cylinder. Shake vigorously to mix the water and fuel. Allow it to stand. 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com Six-Step Water Titration Method, for E85

40. 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com Six-Step Water Titration Method, for E85 Step 4: Pull stopper out slightly to allow pressure buildup to escape. Reseal and allow to stand for 15 min.

41. 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com Six-Step Water Titration Method, for E85 Step 5: Write down the overall Volume A and the separation line Volume B.

42. 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com Step 6: Apply this formula to determine gasoline content: Percent Gasoline = 2.1 + 1.94 (Volume A – Volume B) 2.1 + 1.94 (93-86) 2.1 + 1.94 (7) 2.1 + 13.58 Percent Gasoline = 15.68% To find the ethanol content, subtract the percentage gasoline content (15.68) from 100: 100 – 15.68 = 84.32% or approx. E85

43. 02/20/09 Advanced Engineering & Technology Conference, 2007 43 Step 4: Read the level of the ethanol/water at the bottom. Subtract 10 ml. (the amount of added water). This is your true ethanol percentage. 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com The ethanol/water level reads 88 ml. Subtract 10 ml. for the true ethanol content of 78%, or E78. Four-Step Water Titration Method

44. Step 3: Put stopper in top of cylinder. Shake vigorously to mix the water and fuel. Allow it to stand. The ethanol/water mix will fall to the bottom of the cylinder. 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com Four-Step Water Titration Method

45. Step 4: Read the level of the ethanol/water at the bottom. Subtract 10 ml. (the amount of added water). This is your true ethanol percentage. 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com The ethanol/water level reads 88 ml. Subtract 10 ml. for the true ethanol content of 78%, or E78. Four-Step Water Titration Method

46. Fuel System Modifications To make your race vehicle E85 compatible, you must inspect the following and make any needed changes: 1.Correct fuel tank type & size 2.Vented gas cap 3.Compatible fuel pump – correct type and capacity 4.Compatible carburetor/injectors 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com

47. Engine Modifications Protect your engine and take full advantage of the power-making capability of E85 fuel: 1. Utilize ethanol-compatible motor oil 2. Increase engine static compression ratio 3. Increase engine dynamic compression 4. Adjust air/fuel ratio 5. Adjust spark timing 6. Experiment with spark timing correction 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com

48. Handling & Storage Ethanol blends are hygroscopic. Once water has been introduced, corrosion will develop. Be sure to: 1.Store the fuel only in approved containers and keep it tightly capped at all times. 2.All alcohols are very drying to skin. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. 3.Follow all other normal fuel handling and storage recommendations. 4.Inspect your motor oil for “milking” and change frequently. 5.After racing, “pickle” the engine and vehicle. Drain all fuel from lines and use an appropriate anti- corrosive agent. 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com

49. Racing with E85 Not only does E85 vary in ethanol content by the time of year and from pump to pump, but the 15% gasoline portion also affects engine performance and fuel system requirements. While pump E85 has a nominal octane rating of 105 (R+M/2 method), we strongly recommend that you find a supplier of “E85 Racing Fuel”. The fuel should have a consistent and high (85%) ethanol content and the gasoline should also be a high grade racing fuel. This will protect your engine from varying octane levels and air/fuel mixture requirements. 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com

50. Contact Information: 12/3/07 Robert L. Colesworthy IQ Learning Systems, Inc. 1833 Scherer Parkway Saint Charles, MO 63303 800-597-9747 www.iqlearningsystems.com