2. People with physical and mental challenges deserve to be treated with dignity and respect.

3. disability profound deafness mental retardation Americans with Disabilities Act

4. Physical Challenges Most physical challenges affect sight, hearing, and motor ability.

5. Physical Challenges Almost 20 percent of American adults have some type of disability. Disability Any physical or mental impairment that limits normal activities, including seeing, hearing, walking, or speaking

6. Physical Challenges Most physical challenges fall into one of three categories Sight impairment Hearing impairment Motor impairment

7. Sight Impairment Sight impairment can affect people of all ages. Regular eye exams can lead to early diagnosis of many conditions and help prevent blindness or slow its progress.

8. Sight Impairment Common Causes of Blindness Diabetes Macular Degeneration Glaucoma Cataracts High blood sugar levels lead to damage of the retina A disease in which the retina degenerates A disease that damages the eye’s optic nerve A condition in which the eye’s lens becomes clouded

9. Sight Impairment Guide dogs are trained to assist the visually impaired and the hearing impaired.

10. Hearing Impairment Almost 30 million Americans have disabilities that affect their ability to hear. Hearing problems range from mild to severe.

11. Hearing Impairment The most acute form is profound deafness. Profound deafness Hearing loss so severe that a person affected cannot benefit from mechanical amplification, such as a hearing aid

12. Hearing Impairment Heredity Injury Disease Obstruction Nerve Damage If one or both parents have hearing impairment, their child is more likely to develop it as well. An injury to the ears or head, such as a skull fracture, can cause hearing loss. Ear infections, brain tumors, measles, and other conditions can lead to hearing loss. Hearing loss is sometimes caused by a buildup of wax or a bone blockage in the ear. Nerve damage often occurs with age, but it can also result from repeated exposure to loud noises.

13. Motor Impairment People with motor impairments cope with physical challenges in different ways, depending on their situation.

14. Motor Impairment Occupational therapy helps people learn how to perform everyday functions so that they can lead independent lives.

15. Motor Impairment Assistive devices help people perform everyday tasks. Examples include motorized wheelchairs, special computers, and artificial limbs.

16. Mental Challenges Mental disabilities have been linked to several different causes. Making healthful choices can help prevent mental impairment.

17. Mental Challenges One challenge that affects a person’s ability to live independently is mental retardation. Mental retardation A below-average intellectual ability present from birth or early childhood and associated with difficulties in learning and social adaptation

18. Mental Challenges Factors that Cause Mental Retardation Injury Disease Brain abnormality Genetic disorders Behaviors during pregnancy Rubella infection during pregnancy Restricted oxygen supply

19. Accommodating Differences It is important to provide equal treatment and opportunities for people with physical and mental challenges. Advocacy efforts have resulted in laws and policies that address discrimination.

20. Accommodating Differences Public transportation vehicles and building entrances must be wheelchair accessible. People should be evaluated on the basis of individual merit, not on assumptions about disabilities. People with disabilities, to the extent they are able, should have the same opportunities as everyone else.

21. Accommodating Differences In 1990, the U.S. government passed the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) A law prohibiting discrimination against people with physical or mental disabilities in the workplace, transportation, public accommodations, and telecommunications.

22. Accommodating Differences ADA Provisions Employers with 15 or more employees must give qualified individuals with disabilities an equal opportunity to benefit from employment-related opportunities.

23. Accommodating Differences ADA Provisions State and local governments must provide accessible entrances in buildings and communicate effectively with people who have hearing, vision, or speech disabilities.

24. Accommodating Differences ADA Provisions Telephone companies must set up telecommunications relay services (TRS) that allow callers with hearing and speech challenges to communicate through an assistant.

25. Accommodating Differences In 1998, the government passed the Workforce Investment Act. This law ensures that any information posted to a Web site by a government agency must be accessible by those who are disabled.

26. After You Read Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary Any three: Complications from diabetes, macular degeneration, glaucoma, cataracts 1.What are three common causes of blindness?

27. After You Read Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary 2.What is an assistive device? A device that helps a physically challenged person perform everyday tasks

28. After You Read Reviewing Facts and Vocabulary 3.Is mental retardation preventable? Explain Sometimes; certain behaviors during pregnancy and failure to get rubella immunizations can increase the risk of mental retardation.