1. Process Strategy

2. Process, Volume, and Variety Process focus projects, job shops,(machine, print, carpentry) Standard Register Repetitive (autos, motorcycles) Harley Davidson Product focus (commercial baked goods, steel, glass) Nucor Steel High Variety One or few units per run, high variety (allows customization) Changes in modules Modest runs, standardized modules Changes in attributes (such as grade, quality, size, thickness, etc.) Long runs only Mass Customization (difficult to achieve, but huge rewards) Dell Computer Poor strategy Low-Volume (Intermittent) Repetitive Process (Modular) High-Volume (Continuous)

3. Process Strategies Involve determining how to produce a product or provide a service Objectives: Meet or exceed customer requirements Meet cost & managerial goals Has long-run effects Product & volume flexibility Costs & quality

4. Types of Process Strategies Continuum Process strategies that follow a continuum Within a given facility, several strategies may be used These strategies are often classified as: Repetitive- Focused Product-Focused Process-Focused

5. Process Focused Strategy Facilities are organized by process Similar processes are together Focus is on the work, tools, etc. Low volume, high variety products ‘Jumbled’ flow Operation Product A Product B 112233 Other names Intermittent process Job shop

6. Process Focus

7. Process Focus Pros & Cons Advantages Greater product flexibility More general purpose equipment Lower initial capital investment Disadvantages High variable costs More highly trained personnel More difficult production planning & control Low equipment utilization (5% to 25%)

8. Repetitive Focused Strategy Facilities often organized by assembly lines Characterized by modules Parts & assemblies made previously Modules combined for many output options Other names Assembly line Production line

9. Repetitive Focus

10. Repetitive Focus Considerations More structured than process-focused, less structured than product focused Enables quasi-customization Using modules, it enjoys economic advantage of continuous process, and custom advantage of low-volume, high- variety model

11. Flow Diagram for Harley Davidson

12. Product Focused Strategy Facilities are organized by product High volume, low variety products Where found Discrete unit manufacturing Continuous process manufacturing Operation Products A & B 1 1 2 2 3 3 Other names Line flow production Continuous production

13. Product Focus

14. Product Focus Pros & Cons Advantages Lower variable cost per unit Lower but more specialized labor skills Easier production planning and control Higher equipment utilization (70% to 90%) Disadvantages Lower product flexibility More specialized equipment Usually higher capital investment

15. Flow Diagram for NUCOR

16. A Comparison (1) Process Focus (Low volume, High variety) Repetitive Focus (Modular) Product focus (High-volume, low-variety) Mass Customization (High-volume, high-variety 1. Small quantity, large variety of products Long runs, standardized product, from modules Large quantity, small variety of products Large quantity, large variety of products 2. General purpose equipment Special equipment aids in use of assembly line Special purpose equipment Rapid changeover on flexible equipment

17. A Comparison (2) Process FocusRepetitive Focus Product focus Mass Customization 3 Broadly skilled operators Modestly trained employees Operators less broadly skilled Flexible operators trained for customization 4 Many instructions because of change in jobs Reduced training and number of job instructions Few work orders and job instructions Custom orders require many instructions 5 Raw material high relative to product value JIT techniques used Raw material low relative to product value

18. A Comparison (3) Process FocusRepetitive Focus Product focusMass Customization 6 WIP high relative to output JIT techniques used WIP low relative to output WIP driven down by JIT, kanban, lean production 7 Units move slowly thru plant Movement measured in hours & days Units move swiftly thru facility Goods move swiftly thru facility 8 Finished goods made to order, not stored Finished goods made to frequent forecasts Finished goods made to forecast, then stored Finished goods made to order

19. A Comparison (4) Process FocusRepetitive Focus Product focusMass Customization 9 Scheduling complex and concerned with trade-off between inventory, capacity, and customer service Scheduling based on building models from a variety of forecasts Scheduling relatively simple, concerns establishing sufficient rate of output to meet forecasts Scheduling sophisticated to accommodate customization 10 Fixed costs low, variable costs high Fixed costs dependent on flexibility of facilities Fixed costs high, variable costs low Fixed costs high; variable costs must be low

20. A Comparison (5) Process FocusRepetitive Focus Product focusMass Customization 11 Costing, done by job, is estimated prior to doing job but only known after doing job Costs usually known based on experience Because of high fixed costs, cost dependent on utilization of capacity High fixed costs and dynamic variable costs

21. Volume and Variety of Products Volume and Variety of Products Low Volume High Variety Process (Intermittent) Repetitive Process (Modular) High Volume Low Variety Process (Continuous) One or very few units per lot Projects Very small runs, high variety Job Shops Modest runs, modest variety Disconnected Repetitive Long runs, modest variations Connected Repetitive Very long runs, changes in attributes Continuous Equipment utilization5%-25%20%-75%70%-80% Poor Strategy (High variable costs) Mass Customization

22. Using technology and imagination to rapidly mass-produce products that cater to sundry unique customer desires. Under mass customization the three process models become so flexible that distinctions between them blur, making variety and volume issues less significant.

23. Mass Customization: More Choices Early 21 st Century ItemEarly 1970s Vehicle models140260 Vehicle styles181,212 Bicycle types819 Software titles0300,000 Web sites030,727,296 Movie releases267458 New book titles40,53077,446 Houston TV channels5185 Breakfast cereals160340 Item SKUs in supermarkets 14,000150,000 Number of Choices

24. Process Strategies Rapid throughput techniques Mass Customization Modular techniques Repetitive Focus Modular design Flexible equipment Product-focused Low variety, high volume High utilization (70% - 80%) Specialized equipment Process-focused High variety, low volume Low utilization (5% - 20%) General purpose equipment Effective scheduling techniques

25. Process Analysis and Design Is the process designed to achieve competitive advantage in terms of differentiation, response, or low cost? Does the process eliminate steps that do not add value? Does the process maximize customer value as perceived by the customer? Will the process win orders?

26. Crossover Charts $$$ Fixed costVariable cost Fixed cost Process A Fixed cost Process B Fixed cost Process C 200,000 300,000 400,000 $ Total process C costs Total process A costs Process AProcess BProcess C V1V1 V2V2 Volume Total process B costs

27. Crossover Chart Example #1 ProcessFixed Cost Variable Cost per Unit A$10,000$5 B15,0003 C20,0002

28. Example #1 Solved

29. Example #1 Chart

30. Crossover Chart Example #2 ProcessFixed Cost Variable Cost per Unit A$10,000$8 B30,0003 C40,0002

31. Example #2 Solved

32. Example #2 Chart

33. Crossover Chart Example #3 ProcessFixed Cost Variable Cost per Unit A$10,000$8 B30,0006 C40,0002

34. Example #3 Solved

35. Example #3 Chart

36. Tools for Process Design Flow Diagrams Process Charts Time-Function/Process Mapping Work Flow Analysis

37. Process Flow Diagram Shipping Customer Customer sales representative take order Prepress Department (Prepare printing plates and negatives) Printing Department Collating Department Gluing, binding, stapling, labeling Polywrap Department Purchasing (order inks, paper, other supplies) Vendors Receiving Warehousing (ink, paper, etc.) Accounting Information flow Material flow

38. Process Chart Example

39. Time Function Map (Baseline) Customer Sales Production control Plant A Warehouse Plant B Transport Order Product Process Order Print Extrude Receive product Wait Move Wait Move Order WIP Product 12 days1 day 13 days4 days10 days9 days 52 days

40. Time Function Map (Target) 1 day 2 days Customer Sales Production control Plant Warehouse Transport Order Product Process Order Print Extrude Receive product Wait Move Order Product WIP 6 days

41. Work Flow Analysis - 4 Phases Request from a customer or an offer to provide services by a performer Negotiation, allowing the customer and the performer to agree on how the work should be done and what will constitute customer satisfaction Performance of the assignment and completion Acceptance, closing the transaction provided the customer expresses satisfaction and agrees that the conditions were met.

42. Attaining Lean Production Focus on inventory reduction Build systems that help employees Reduce space requirements Develop close relationships with suppliers Educate suppliers Eliminate all but value-added activities Develop the workforce Make jobs more challenging Set sights on perfection!

43. Customer Interaction and Process Strategy Mass ServiceProfessional Service Service FactoryService Shop Commercial Banking General purpose law firms Fine dining restaurants Hospitals Airlines Full-service stockbroker Retailing Personal banking Boutiques Law clinics Fast food restaurants Warehouse and catalog stores No frills airlines Limited service stockbroker For-profit hospitals Degree of Interaction and Customization Degree of Labor Intensity Low High High Low

44. Improving Service Productivity Separation Self-service Postponement Focus Structure service so customers must go where service is offered Self-service Customizing at delivery Restricting the offerings StrategyTechnique

45. Improving Service Productivity Modules Automation Scheduling Training Modular selection of service. Modular production Separating services that lend themselves to automation Precise personnel scheduling Clarifying the service options Explaining problems Improving employee flexibility StrategyTechnique

46. Production Process & Technology Alternatives # Different Products or Parts CIM Flexible Manufacturing System Low High General Purpose, NC, CNC Volume of Products or Parts Low HighDedicatedAutomation

47. Areas of Technology Machine technology Automatic identification systems (AIS) Process control Vision system Robot Automated storage and retrieval systems (ASRS) Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM)

48. Machine Technology Increased precision Increased productivity Increased flexibility Decreased pollution Decreased size Decreased power requirements

49. Automatic Identification Systems Improved data acquisition Increased scope of process automation

50. Process Control Use of IT to monitor physical processes Increased process stability Increased process precision Real-time provision of information for process evaluation Multi-mode information presentation

51. Vision Systems Particular aid to inspection Consistently accurate Never bored Modest cost Superior to individuals performing the same tasks

52. Robots Perform monotonous, or dangerous tasks, or those requiring significant strength or endurance Enhanced consistency, accuracy, speed strength, power when substituted for human effort

53. Types of Robots

54. Automated Storage & Retrieval Systems (ASRS) Automated placement and withdrawal of parts and products Particularly useful in inventory and test areas of manufacturing firms

55. Automated Guided Vehicle Electronically controlled movement of products and/or individuals

56. Flexible Manufacturing Systems Electronic control of server DNC machines and robots or AGVs: Computer controls both the workstation and the material handling equipment Computer control enhances flexibility Can economically produce low volume at high quality Stringent communication requirement between components within it

57. Flexible Manufacturing Systems Advantages Faster, lower cost changes from one part to another Lower direct labor costs Reduced inventory Consistent (and hopefully better) quality

58. Flexible Manufacturing Systems Disadvantages Limited ability to adapt to product or product mix changes Requires substantial preplanning and capital expenditures Technological problems of exact component positioning and precise timing

59. Computer Integrated Manufacturing Extension of flexible manufacturing systems Backwards to engineering and inventory control Forward into warehousing and shipping Can also include financial and customer service areas Reducing the distinction between low- volume/high-variety, and high-volume/low- variety production Heavy reliance on information technology

60. Computer Integrated Manufacturing

61. Technology in Services ServiceExample Financial services Debit cards, electronic funds transfer, ATMs, Internet stock trading EducationElectronic bulletin boards, on-line journals Utilities and government Automated one-man garbage trucks, optical mail sorters, scanners, flood warning systems Restaurants and foods Wireless orders from waiters to kitchen, robot butchering, transponders on cars to track drive- thrus CommunicationElectronic publishing, interactive TV HotelsElectronic check-in/check-out, electronic key/lock systems

62. Technology in Services (cont.) ServiceExample Wholesale/retail trade Point-of-sale terminals, e-commerce, electronic communication between store and supplier, bar coded data TransportationAutomatic toll booths, satellite-directed navigation systems, route planning, progress monitoring Health careOn-line patient monitoring, on-line medical information systems, robotic surgery, expert system diagnosis assistance AirlinesTicketless travel, scheduling, Internet ticket sales, improved navigation and route planning

63. Process Reengineering The fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to bring about dramatic improvements in performance Relies on reevaluating the purpose of the process and questioning both the purpose and the underlying assumptions Requires reexamination of the basic process and its objectives Focuses on activities that cross boundaries …Not to be undertaken lightly – expensive!

64. Sensitivity to the Environment Make products recyclable Use recycled materials Use less harmful ingredients Use light components Use less energy Use less materials

65. Factors Affecting Process Alternatives Production flexibility Product volume Product variety Technology Cost Human resources Quality Reliability These factors reduce the number of alternatives! © 1984-1994 T/Maker Co.