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Overview and applications

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1 Overview and applications
Vinod Kulathumani West Virginia University

2 Outline Vision for sensor actuator networks Sensing-only systems
Networked embedded systems Enabling technology Application areas Sensing-only systems Monitoring related applications Application examples Challenges and design space Sensing + actuation Examples ExScal, an example surveillance application

3 Embedded systems Found in variety of devices
Aircraft, radar systems, nuclear and chemical plants Vehicles, TVs, camcorders, elevators > 90% of CPUs used for embedded devices

4 Networked embedded systems
Currently Embedded processors - part of a larger system Application known apriori Little flexibility in programming What if? embedded processors were connected – preferably wireless? there was greater flexibility in programming ? sensing and actuation capabilities were included ?

5 The Vision for WSANs Combine wireless networks with sensing / actuation  Ubiquitous computing / pervasive computing Fine-grained monitoring and control of environment Network and interact with billions of embedded computers Reasons Wireless communication - no need for infrastructure setup Drop and play Nodes are built using off-the-shelf cheap components Feasible to deploy nodes densely

6 log (people per computer)‏
New Class of Computing Number Crunching Data Storage Mainframe Minicomputer log (people per computer)‏ productivity interactive Workstation PC Laptop streaming information to/from physical world PDA year Slide courtesy: Murat Demirbas

7 Opinions Tiny computers that constantly monitor ecosystems, buildings, and even human bodies could turn science on its head. - Nature, March 2006 The use of sensornets throughout society could well dwarf previous milestones in information revolution. - National Research Council report, 2001 Reinventing computer science - David Tennenhouse, Intel, 2000

8 Enabling technology Powerful microprocessors
Small form factor Low energy consumption Micro-sensors (MEMS, Materials, Circuits)‏ acceleration, vibration, gyroscope, tilt, motion magnetic, heat, pressure, temp, light, moisture, humidity, barometric chemical (CO, CO2, radon), biological, micro-radar actuators (mirrors, motors, smart surfaces, micro-robots)‏ Communication short range, low bit-rate, CMOS radios

9 A typical sensor node Telosb (2007) Others 8 MHz MSP430 processor
10kB RAM 250 Kbps data rate Integrated temperature, humidity, light sensors Others

10 Application areas for WSANs
Science Environmental and habitat monitoring Oceanography, seismology, water management, … Engineering Precision agriculture Industrial automation Control systems, … Daily life Detecting emergencies and alerting, disaster recovery Health care Traffic management and many more

11 Sensing only systems Popular as wireless sensor networks
Useful for monitoring based applications Large scale networks of embedded sensors Connected to a remote base station Self-configuring Typically resource constrained (Why?)

12 Block diagram of a sensor node
Application SENSING SUB-SYSTEM PROCESSING SUB-SYSTEM COMMUNICATION SUB-SYSTEM Processor ACTUATION SUB-SYSTEM POWER MGMT. SUB-SYSTEM SECURITY SUB-SYSTEM Sensor (Light) Actuator (Buzzer) Network Interface Substitute any sensing / actuating modality

13 Application category – Monitoring type
Environmental monitoring Object tracking Infrastructure monitoring Body sensor networks Perimeter security Camera sensor networks

14 Emerging applications
Combination of sensors with mobile devices Social networking Participatory urban sensing Assisted living – health monitoring Vehicular networks with variety of sensors

15 Specific examples Detect and track intruders in a secure area
Detect chemical or biological attacks Detect building fires and set up evacuation routes Monitoring dangerous plants Monitoring social behavior of animals in farms and natural habitats Monitoring salinity of water Monitoring cracks in bridges Tracking dangerous goods Shooter Localization Epilepsy monitoring and suppression Camera networks for urban surveillance Monitoring traffic on a highway

16 Challenges in sensor networks
Energy constraint Unreliable communication Unreliable sensors Ad hoc deployment Large scale networks Distributed execution Ease of use Nodes are battery powered Radio broadcast, limited bandwidth, bursty traffic False positives Pre-configuration inapplicable Algorithms should scale well Difficult to debug & get it right All Scientists not programmers

17 Sensing + actuation systems
Not simply monitoring events, objects Combined with actuation Traditional control applications Decouple information availability Control assumes information is instantaneously available What if information is transmitted over a sensor network? Losses, delays in information New tools needed for programming, reasoning about such systems Building blocks for Cyber-physical systems - recent buzzword!

18 Sensing + actuation systems
Not simply monitoring events, objects Combined with actuation Traditional control applications Decouple information availability Control assumes information is instantaneously available What if information is transmitted over a sensor network? Losses, delays in information New tools needed for programming, reasoning about such systems Building blocks for Cyber-physical systems - recent buzzword! Note Applying control theory for network systems – has existed before (example: TCP congestion) This is control systems designed on top of networks

19 Example sensor actuator networks
Robotic systems Self-configuring structures Robotic surgery Self-configuring table Autonomic vehicular platoons Use in UAV swarms Autonomous driving – Google Car! Distributed vibration control Distributed illumination control, irrigation, process control Smart power grid

20 We saw all these challenges for sensor networks
Energy constraint Unreliable communication Unreliable sensors Ad hoc deployment Large scale networks Distributed execution Ease of use Nodes are battery powered Wireless, limited bandwidth, bursty traffic False positives, negatives Pre-configuration inapplicable Algorithms should scale well Difficult to debug & get it right All Scientists not programmers

21 Add to these .... Energy constraint Nodes are battery powered
Unreliable communication Unreliable sensors Ad hoc deployment Large scale networks Distributed execution Ease of use Nodes are battery powered Wireless, limited bandwidth, bursty traffic False positives, negatives Pre-configuration inapplicable Algorithms should scale well Difficult to debug & get it right All Scientists not programmers …. A control application that sits on top Requires information guarantees from network below!

22 Relation to CPS “Cyber-physical systems are physical, biological, and engineered systems whose operations are integrated, monitored, and/or controlled by a computational core. Components are networked at every scale. Computing is deeply embedded into every physical component, possibly even into materials. The computational core is an embedded system, usually demands real-time response, and is most often distributed. The behavior of a cyber-physical system is a fully- integrated hybridization of computational (logical), physical, and human action.” - National Science Foundation

23 Characteristics of CPS
Cyber capability in every physical component Interaction at large scales with wired or wireless networks Dynamically re-organizing Novel computational substrates (bio / nano) Tight integration of computation, communication and control High degree of automation Operation must be dependable and certified Sensor nets + control + distributed computing + real-time systems

24 Example: Automotive Telematics
Intra-vehicular sensing and control Engine control, Break system, Airbag deployment system, windshield wiper, Door locks, Entertainment system V2V networks Cars are sensors and actuators Vehicular safety Autonomous navigation Future Transportation Systems Incorporate both single person and mass transportation vehicles, air and ground transportations. achieve efficiency, safety, stability using real-time control and optimization.

25 Example: Health Care and Medicine
Electronic Patient Records Records accessible anywhere, any time Home care: monitoring and control Pulse oximeters, blood glucose monitors, infusion pumps, accelerometers, … Operating Room of the Future Closed loop monitoring and control; multiple treatment stations, plug and play devices; robotic microsurgery System coordination challenge Progress in bioinformatics: gene, protein expression, systems biology, disease dynamics, control mechanisms

26 Example: Electric Power Grid
Current picture Equipment protection devices trip locally, reactively Cascading failure Better future? Real-time cooperative control of protection devices Self-healing, aggregate islands of stable bulk power Green technologies Coordinate distributed and dynamically interacting participants

27 Assignment 1 Choose a WSAN application paper and prepare a report and ppt Prepare a 2 page report 11 point font Latex typesetting preferred Conference style formatting Prepare list of references Text in your own words State system requirements and challenges List enabling technologies Discuss how wireless networking of embedded devices play a role Discuss scalability and robustness of solution Discuss improvements and extensions State one new application of your choice for WSNs

28 Assignment 1 Samba: A Smartphone-Based Robot System for Energy-Efficient Aquatic Environment Monitoring [ipsn 2015] LookUp: Enabling Pedestrian Safety Services via shoe Sensing [mobisys 2015] Contactless sleep apnea detection using smartphones [mobisys 2015] AccelWord: Energy Efficient Hotword Detection through Accelerometer [Mobisys 2015

29 Assignment 1 A System for Fine-Grained Remote Monitoring, Control and Pre- Paid Electrical Service in Rural Microgrids (CMU, IPSN 2014) Aquatic Debris Monitoring Using Smartphone-Based Robotic Sensors (MSU, IPSN 2014) Airplanes Aloft as a Sensor Network for Wind Forecasting (Microsoft Research, IPSN 2014) One Meter to Find Them All - Water Network Leak Localization Using a Single Flow Meter (Penn state, IPSN 2014)

30 Assignment 1 Magneto-Inductive NEtworked Rescue System (MINERS): Taking sensor networks underground(Oxford, IPSN 2012) Sensing Through the Continent: Towards Monitoring Migratory Birds using Cellular Sensor Networks (Nebraska, IPSN 2012) Non-invasive Respiration Rate Monitoring Using a Single COTS TX-RX Pair (Aalto university, IPSN 2014) Using wearable inertial sensors for posture and position tracking in unconstrained environments through learned translation manifolds (Edinburgh, IPSN 2013)

31 Other previous applications
SLEWS: A Sensorbased Landslide Early Warning System Power grid monitoring Embedded systems for energy-efficient buildings (eDIANA) Water quality monitoring Sensor networks for UV radiation control Precision agriculture and Agricultural applications Indoor environmental monitoring systems Damage detection in civil structures Participatory urban sensing

32 Other previous applications
Micro-strain sensor network for monitoring shuttle launch Smart room using camera networks Active visitor guidance system Analysis of a habitat monitoring application Smart-tag based data dissemination Meteorology and Hydrology in Yosemite Continuous medical monitoring ZebraNet Virtual fences

33 Other previous applications
SenseWeb CarTel Assisted Living Wearable wireless body area networks (Health care) Adaptive house House_n project Responsive Environments Counter-sniper system Self-healing land mines

34 Other previous applications
Take a look at Libelium Top 50 applications These are some of the potential application areas for sensor actuator networks: mostly non-military AN APLICATION THAT I JUST SAW TODAY SMART DIAPERS! THE IOT SPACE IS BOOMING LOTS OF APPLICATIONS CREATIVITY AND IMAGINATION IS THE LIMIT

35 Project ExScal: Concept of operation
Put tripwires anywhere—in deserts, other areas where physical terrain does not constrain troop or vehicle movement—to detect, classify & track intruders [Computer Networks 2004, ALineInTheSand webpage, ExScal webpage]

36 Envisioned ExScal customer application
Convoy protection Detect anomalous activity along roadside Hide Site IED Border control Canopy precludes aerial techniques (no notes) Gas pipeline Rain forest – mountains – water environmental challenges

37 Application design choice
One large powerful sensor vs many distributed sensors Distribution favours Robustness Overall coverage Overall cost Focus is on distributed computing and networking

38 ExScal summary Application has tight constraints of event detection scenarios: long life but still low latency, high accuracy over large perimeter area Demonstrated in December 2004 in Florida Deployment area: 1,260m x 288m ~1000 XSMs, the largest WSN ~200 XSSs, the largest b ad hoc network

39 One of ExScal sensors - PIR
PIR is a differential sensor: detects target as it crosses the “beams” produced by the optic

40 PIR signal: Frequency Human at 10 m Car at 25m
Energy content for these two targets is in low frequency band

41 Pir target detector Person at 12 m SUV at 25 m [0-0.3 Hz]
Bandpass: [ Hz] Bandpass: [2- 4 Hz]

42 A distributed classification approach
Assume a dense WSN Concept: each target type has unique influence field Multiple sensors which detect target coordinate, potentially each with multiple sensing modalities Classification is via reliable estimation of influence field size [Computer Networks 2004]

43 Further reading The Computer for 21st Century
Next century challenges: mobile networking for Smart Dust Connecting the physical world with pervasive networks D. Tennenhouse, Proactive computing Energy and performance considerations for smart dust Interesting Links on Sensor Networks

44 Further reading Some good advice for graduate students:
Edsger Dijkstra, The Three Golden Rules for Successful Scientific Research Edsger Dijkstra, To a New Member of the Tuesday Afternoon Club Jim Kurose, Ten Pieces of Advice I Wish My PhD Advisor Had Given Me  Andre DeHon, Advice for Students Starting into Research S. Keshav, How to Read a Paper Philip W. L. Fong, How to Read a CS Research Paper? William Strunk Jr., E. B. White, The Elements of Style. (Recommended book on writing)

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