1. Chapter Six
Learning

2. FYI Plato and Aristotle
Believed learning takes place when you associate a new object with existing knowledge of related objects or concepts

3. Classical Conditioning
The concept of association
Music  Feelings
Stimulus / Response
Song – Stimulus
Feelings – Response

4. Classical Conditioning
Conditioning – a learned response
A pairing of different stimuli
Smell, appearance of food
Classical Conditioning – when one stimulus, calls forth the response usually called for by a different stimulus
The thought of food
Mouth watering
The actual food

5. Canalization Conditioned to prefer certain things Eating of insects
Difference in culture
Eating of insects

6. You ring my bell / ring my bell
Hints that told the dogs food was coming
Assistants, banging of trays, can opener, etc.
Decided he would train dogs to respond to a stimulus
Bell > Meat Powder

7. US / UR / CR / CS US – causes a response that is automatic
UR – is that response
Salivation in response to meat powder
CS (Bell) – learned, food was provided after bell
CR – Salivation into response of bell (learned, to something that was neutral (bell))

8. Adapting to Envrionment
Happens in homes and in nature all the time
Taste aversion – Have a bad experience, our bodies will want to stay away from it
Role of time – Garcia Effect
Extinction – Taking the powder away after the bell eventually led to the dogs not reacting to the bell

9. Spontaneous Recovery Revival of a response
After a rest period of no bell, the reaction came back after a bell ring, but not as severe
Songs and too much play
Rides, too often, no more adrenaline

10. Generalization / Discrimination
Respond the same way to some stimuli even if they are not identical
Ice Cream
Discrimination – responding differently to stimuli that are dissimilar
Both of these help living things adapt to environments
Discrimination and roller coasters
Generalization and roller coasters

11. Applications of Classical Conditioning
Flooding – being exposed to a stimulus until fear responses are extinguished
Unpleasant but effective
Systematic Desensitization – taught relaxation techniques
Far more pleasant, takes longer to work

12. Counterconditioning
Pleasant stimulus paired repeatedly with a fearful one
Bell and Pad Method –
US – bell
UR – waking up
CS – bladder tension
CR – waking up to bladder tension

13. Section 2 Operant Conditioning
Learning from the consequences of your actions
Animals and humans
Learn to engage in behavior that brings desirable consequences
Operant conditioning offers reactions to voluntary actions

14. B.F. Skinner B.F. Skinner’s secret weapon
Peck at targets on a screen for food pellets
Peck at targets while on the missile to adjust flight paths

15. Operant An organism learns to do something because of its effects
Reward of food for pecking at targets

16. Reinforcement “Skinner box”
Rat in a box with a food lever
Pressing the lever produced food, reinforcing the action
The first response could be by chance or by physical guidance
Teaching a dog to sit or roll over, then reinforced with a treat

17. Humans and Reinforcement
Usually, knowledge of success is all the reinforcement a person needs
Money or candy works too