1. Authors: Patrick Mawadri, Eddie Ekakoro and Patrick Vudriko.
Cryptosporidiosis in Dogs in Kampala: Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors and Public Health Implication      
Authors:
Patrick Mawadri, Eddie Ekakoro and Patrick Vudriko.

2. CONTENT Introduction Methodology Results and Discussion
Conclusions and recommendations

3. Introduction
Cryptosporidiosis is an important Zoonotic disease occuring in over 170 different hosts species, caused by opportunistic protozoans of the genus Cryptosporidium

4. Introduction cont’
It presents a global health problem due to its zoonotic nature and waterborne and food borne transmissions, (Graczyk et al., 1997)
Cryptosporidiosis is most severe in immuno-compromised individuals where it presents with chronic debilitating diarrhea and death terminally (Dubey and Greene, 2006; Katagiri and Oliveira, 2008).

5. Introduction cont’ The most important sources for human infection are;
contaminated drinking and recreational water,
food,
HOUSEHOLD ANIMALS
infected people
(Dillingham et al., 2002).

6. Stray and domesticated dogs in many countries worldwide harbor Cryptosporidium (Ministerio et al., 2004).

7. Introduction cont’ (Traub et al., 2005) Developing countries
Urban areas
Close proximity to dogs
Increased risk of D’se transmission
(Traub et al., 2005)
Lack of zoonotic
awareness

8. Introduction cont’
The Cryptosporidium species associated with canines include;
Cryptosporidium parvum,
C. canis, and
C. muris (Franco et al., 2001).
Human Cryptosporidiosis is caused by;
C. hominis,
C. suis,
C. canis,
C. felis,
C. meleagridis and
C. muris (Caccio et al, 2005; Xiao and Ryan, 2004).

9. Introduction cont’ No information about the prevalence Though;
Small Animal Clinicians in Uganda have associated some cases of gastro-enteritis in dogs to Cryptosporidiosis, and
Sporadic cases of Cryptosporidiosis have been diagnosed in CDL of CoVAB in MAK,
No information about the prevalence

10. Introduction cont’
Thus, this research was aimed at studying the prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in dogs and the associated risk factors

11. Materials and Methods
Study area: Kampala; 3 Vet Clinics (CoVAB Clinic, KVS and Vetlove)
Study population: Dogs brought from within Kampala for treatment in the 3 Clinics
Sample size determination:
100 dogs were sampled
N=1.962Pexp(1- Pexp)/d2 (Thrushfield et al., 2001), was used
Pexp=5% (Fontanarrosa et al., 2006)

12. Materials and Methods cont’
Data Collection method:
Questionnaires
Faecal samples
Faecal sample analysis method:
Zeihl-Nelseen staining technique
Data Management and Statistical Analysis:
The data coded and entered in to Microsoft Excel.
Analyzed using STATA version 11.2.
Numerical summaries, graphs and Pie Charts were obtained.

13. Materials and Methods cont’

14. Results and Discussion

15. Results and Discussion cont’
Author(s)
Prevalence
Method
Country
Batchelor et al., 2008
0.6%
Faecal staining
Britain
Overgaauw et al., 2009
8.7%
Netherlands
Current study
36%
Uganda
Chermette and Blondel, 1989
44.8%
Immunoflourescence
France
Hamnes et al., 2007
44.1%
Norway
Titilincu et al., 2010
52.7%
ELISA
Romania
Even within the same species, the prevalence of cryptosporidium varies with method of diagnosis used as well as geographical location (Hammnes et al., 2007).

16. Results and Discussion cont’
Place of sample collection
Number sampled
Frequency of Crypto
Prevalence (%) of Cryptosporidiosis
P value
College Clinic 53 16
30.1
0.434
KVS 7
43.7
USPCA 31 13
41.9
Total
100 36
Fecal consistency
Number sampled
Frequency of cryptosporidiosis
Prevalence (%) of cryptosporidiosis
P value
Normal 83 29
34.9
0.626
Diarrheic 17 7
41.1
Total
100 36

17. No. sampled
Frequency
Prevalence (%)
P value
Purpose
Home security 60 23
38.3
0.210
Companion 28 8
28.6
Breeding 10 3
30.0
Sniffer 2
100
Breed
Mongrel 34 11
32.3
0.959
Basenji 21
38.1
German shepherd
Others 24
33.3
Sex
Male 59
38.9
0.456
Female 41 13
31.7
Age
Young (<6 Months) 33
30.3
0.180
Middle aged 45 14
31.1
Elderly (>5 years) 22
50.0

18. Results and Discussion cont’
Mosallanejad et al. (2010) reported that cryptosporidium infection was not significant between different age groups.
However, Fontanarrosa et al. (2006), Hamnes et al. (2007) and Papazahariadou et al. (2007), in contrast reported the highest level of prevalence in dogs <6-month-old, and declining with age.

19. Number sampled
Frequency
Prevalence (%)
P value
Water source
Boiled 16 6
37.5
0.892
Un-boiled 84 30
35.7
Food source:
Prepared 96 33
34.3
0.097
Scavenged 4 3 75
Number of dogs kept
One 19
31.5
0.702
More than one 80 29
36.3
Access to outside environment
Never 93 31
33.3
0.006
Yes 7 5
71.4

20. Results and Discussion cont’
Access to outside environment
Dogs that roam have more chances of picking up such oocysts from the environment and thus acquiring the infection.

21. Results and Discussion cont’
This implies that the prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis would be even higher in stray and semi-domesticated dogs.
This could also explain the higher prevalence found in sniffer dogs than in dogs for other purposes

22. Level of zoonotic awareness
Results and Discussion cont’
Level of zoonotic awareness

23. Results and Discussion cont’
The level of awareness is thus suspected to be even lower for owners of semi-domesticated dogs in Kampala and for dog owners in rural areas in Uganda.

24. Factors predisposing humans to the infections from dogs
Results and Discussion cont’
Factors predisposing humans to the infections from dogs

25. Conclusion and Recommendations
The prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in dogs in Kampala is 36%.
Allowing dogs access to environments outside homesteads predisposes them to Cryptosporidiosis

26. Conclusion cont’
Forty two percent (42%) of dog owners in Kampala are not sure about possibility of acquiring the parasite from their dog.

27. Conclusion cont’ The predisposing factors for humans include:
Grooming and cleaning dog kennels without hand gloves, and
Allowing an infected dog to sleep or stay in the living room.

28. Recommendations
Dog owners should be more vigilant and undertake measures such as regular examination of their dogs for Cryptosporidium infection to prevent humans from acquiring the disease

29. Recommendations cont’
A parallel epidemiological study on “Crypto” that includes dogs and humans together, esp. HIV/AIDS patients
A study on the prevalence of “Crypto” in stray and semi-domesticated dogs and cats

30. THANK YOU