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Authors: Patrick Mawadri, Eddie Ekakoro and Patrick Vudriko.
Cryptosporidiosis in Dogs in Kampala: Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors and Public Health Implication Authors: Patrick Mawadri, Eddie Ekakoro and Patrick Vudriko.
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CONTENT Introduction Methodology Results and Discussion
Conclusions and recommendations
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Introduction Cryptosporidiosis is an important Zoonotic disease occuring in over 170 different hosts species, caused by opportunistic protozoans of the genus Cryptosporidium
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Introduction cont’ It presents a global health problem due to its zoonotic nature and waterborne and food borne transmissions, (Graczyk et al., 1997) Cryptosporidiosis is most severe in immuno-compromised individuals where it presents with chronic debilitating diarrhea and death terminally (Dubey and Greene, 2006; Katagiri and Oliveira, 2008).
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Introduction cont’ The most important sources for human infection are;
contaminated drinking and recreational water, food, HOUSEHOLD ANIMALS infected people (Dillingham et al., 2002).
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Stray and domesticated dogs in many countries worldwide harbor Cryptosporidium (Ministerio et al., 2004).
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Introduction cont’ (Traub et al., 2005) Developing countries
Urban areas Close proximity to dogs Increased risk of D’se transmission (Traub et al., 2005) Lack of zoonotic awareness
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Introduction cont’ The Cryptosporidium species associated with canines include; Cryptosporidium parvum, C. canis, and C. muris (Franco et al., 2001). Human Cryptosporidiosis is caused by; C. hominis, C. suis, C. canis, C. felis, C. meleagridis and C. muris (Caccio et al, 2005; Xiao and Ryan, 2004).
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Introduction cont’ No information about the prevalence Though;
Small Animal Clinicians in Uganda have associated some cases of gastro-enteritis in dogs to Cryptosporidiosis, and Sporadic cases of Cryptosporidiosis have been diagnosed in CDL of CoVAB in MAK, No information about the prevalence
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Introduction cont’ Thus, this research was aimed at studying the prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in dogs and the associated risk factors
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Materials and Methods Study area: Kampala; 3 Vet Clinics (CoVAB Clinic, KVS and Vetlove) Study population: Dogs brought from within Kampala for treatment in the 3 Clinics Sample size determination: 100 dogs were sampled N=1.962Pexp(1- Pexp)/d2 (Thrushfield et al., 2001), was used Pexp=5% (Fontanarrosa et al., 2006)
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Materials and Methods cont’
Data Collection method: Questionnaires Faecal samples Faecal sample analysis method: Zeihl-Nelseen staining technique Data Management and Statistical Analysis: The data coded and entered in to Microsoft Excel. Analyzed using STATA version 11.2. Numerical summaries, graphs and Pie Charts were obtained.
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Materials and Methods cont’
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Results and Discussion
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Results and Discussion cont’
Author(s) Prevalence Method Country Batchelor et al., 2008 0.6% Faecal staining Britain Overgaauw et al., 2009 8.7% Netherlands Current study 36% Uganda Chermette and Blondel, 1989 44.8% Immunoflourescence France Hamnes et al., 2007 44.1% Norway Titilincu et al., 2010 52.7% ELISA Romania Even within the same species, the prevalence of cryptosporidium varies with method of diagnosis used as well as geographical location (Hammnes et al., 2007).
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Results and Discussion cont’
Place of sample collection Number sampled Frequency of Crypto Prevalence (%) of Cryptosporidiosis P value College Clinic 53 16 30.1 0.434 KVS 7 43.7 USPCA 31 13 41.9 Total 100 36 Fecal consistency Number sampled Frequency of cryptosporidiosis Prevalence (%) of cryptosporidiosis P value Normal 83 29 34.9 0.626 Diarrheic 17 7 41.1 Total 100 36
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No. sampled Frequency Prevalence (%) P value Purpose Home security 60 23 38.3 0.210 Companion 28 8 28.6 Breeding 10 3 30.0 Sniffer 2 100 Breed Mongrel 34 11 32.3 0.959 Basenji 21 38.1 German shepherd Others 24 33.3 Sex Male 59 38.9 0.456 Female 41 13 31.7 Age Young (<6 Months) 33 30.3 0.180 Middle aged 45 14 31.1 Elderly (>5 years) 22 50.0
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Results and Discussion cont’
Mosallanejad et al. (2010) reported that cryptosporidium infection was not significant between different age groups. However, Fontanarrosa et al. (2006), Hamnes et al. (2007) and Papazahariadou et al. (2007), in contrast reported the highest level of prevalence in dogs <6-month-old, and declining with age.
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Number sampled Frequency Prevalence (%) P value Water source Boiled 16 6 37.5 0.892 Un-boiled 84 30 35.7 Food source: Prepared 96 33 34.3 0.097 Scavenged 4 3 75 Number of dogs kept One 19 31.5 0.702 More than one 80 29 36.3 Access to outside environment Never 93 31 33.3 0.006 Yes 7 5 71.4
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Results and Discussion cont’
Access to outside environment Dogs that roam have more chances of picking up such oocysts from the environment and thus acquiring the infection.
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Results and Discussion cont’
This implies that the prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis would be even higher in stray and semi-domesticated dogs. This could also explain the higher prevalence found in sniffer dogs than in dogs for other purposes
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Level of zoonotic awareness
Results and Discussion cont’ Level of zoonotic awareness
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Results and Discussion cont’
The level of awareness is thus suspected to be even lower for owners of semi-domesticated dogs in Kampala and for dog owners in rural areas in Uganda.
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Factors predisposing humans to the infections from dogs
Results and Discussion cont’ Factors predisposing humans to the infections from dogs
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Conclusion and Recommendations
The prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in dogs in Kampala is 36%. Allowing dogs access to environments outside homesteads predisposes them to Cryptosporidiosis
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Conclusion cont’ Forty two percent (42%) of dog owners in Kampala are not sure about possibility of acquiring the parasite from their dog.
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Conclusion cont’ The predisposing factors for humans include:
Grooming and cleaning dog kennels without hand gloves, and Allowing an infected dog to sleep or stay in the living room.
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Recommendations Dog owners should be more vigilant and undertake measures such as regular examination of their dogs for Cryptosporidium infection to prevent humans from acquiring the disease
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Recommendations cont’
A parallel epidemiological study on “Crypto” that includes dogs and humans together, esp. HIV/AIDS patients A study on the prevalence of “Crypto” in stray and semi-domesticated dogs and cats
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