2.  Classical Conditioning – The type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke the response initially evoked by another stimulus ◦ an item creates a response it wouldn’t normally cause through pairing  Introduction Clip  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znAzMkn 5Ey0

3.  Ivan Pavlov  Conducted research on digestion, specifically role of saliva in digestion process of dogs.  Pavlov presented meat (powder) to dogs, preceded by a clicking sound to alert them of the food.  Over time, dogs salivated in response to clicking sound.

4.  Pavlov further investigated phenomenon:  Presented meat with a tone (bell)  After several pairings, he presented bell alone to dogs ◦ What happened?  What is the significance of his research?

5.  1.) Unconditioned Stimulus (US)- The stimulus that evokes a natural response. ◦ Pavlov Ex.)  2.) Unconditioned Response (UR)- The natural reaction to the unconditioned stimulus. ◦ Pavlov Ex.)

6.  3.) Conditioned Stimulus (CS)- Previously neutral stimulus that, through conditioning, evokes conditioned response. ◦ Pavlov Ex.)  4.) Conditioned Response (CR)- Learned reaction to conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning  ***Usually the same as UR******* ◦ Pavlov Ex.)

8.  Trials- Presentations of the stimuli (US and CS) together ◦ Pavlov Ex.) ◦ The Office Ex.)  Number of trials needed for classical conditioning to occur varies

9. “The Office”  US-  UR-  CS-  CR-

10. Shower Example  US-  UR-  CS-  CR-

11.  Many of our phobias and fears are direct result of classical conditioning  Examples: ◦ Bridge Phobia ◦ Taco Bell ◦ Class Examples

12.  May be conditioned to associate stimulus with positive feelings  Examples: ◦ Cotton candy ice cream  Classical conditioning could even play a role in sexual arousal  Example: ◦ Seinfeld clip ◦ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLKhJnKrf9M

13.  1.) Acquisition- This term refers to the learning of the conditioned response  2.) Extinction – This refers to a gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned response ◦ How does this usually occur?

14.  3.) Spontaneous Recovery- After extinction, a response may spontaneously reappear.  Real World Examples:

15.  Stimulus Generalization – An organism that has learned a response to a specific stimuli responds in same way to stimuli that are similar to original stimulus. ◦ Clown Example  John B. Watson study ◦ “Little Albert”- 11 month old  Conditioned to fear bunnies

16.  Class examples, if time permits