2.  Learning – a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience  More than just remembering things for a test  Associative learning– learning by association  Associating one stimulus with another

3. Classical Conditioning  After a series of pairings, associations will be created between stimuli  Conditioning  Almost a way to predict the future?  John Watson – founder of behaviorism  Studying only observable responses, not mental processes  By manipulating a stimulus in an environment you can change a subjects behavior

4. Classical Conditioning  Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)  Stimulus that triggers a response reflexively or automatically  Classical conditioning cannot happen without a UCS  Smelling food  Unconditioned Response (UCR) – The response to the UCS  Salivation

5. Classical Conditioning  Conditioned Stimulus (CS)  Originally a neutral stimulus that becomes the trigger for a response  Conditioned Response (CR)  The new response to the CS that gets learned over time

6. Classical Conditioning  Process  1. Acquisition  Most basic piece  Establishing a new learned response  Pairing of a neutral stimulus with an UCS over and over  TRIALS

7. Classical Conditioning  2. Extinction  Reversing the learning that has taken place  CS loses power to evoke a CR  The boy who cried wolf  Habituation  3. Spontaneous Recovery  We don’t forget our CR completely  You may still remember or have a reaction to something in the future  Easier to extinguish these recovered responses

8. Higher Order Conditioning  Second order conditioning  Pairing of stimuli  Fear of dog bites  Seeing the dog may cause fear  Hearing the dog may cause a similar reaction  Often a weaker response

9. Ivan Pavlov  1904 Nobel Prize winner  What is saliva’s role in digestion?  Measured saliva produced when presented meat powder before actual food presented  Dogs started to salivate before meat powder was even presented  Conditioned the dogs to salivate when he paired a tuning fork with the food

10. Ivan Pavlov

11. Learned Helplessness  Dogs constrained and shocked vs dogs that could avoid a shock  Nothing you can do about it, cower in fear and allow it to happen  Avoidance at first, will learn to avoid the shock  There is more to learning than just behavior – there is a cognitive piece that cant be overlooked  Biological factors can influence learning too  Predisposition

12. Generalization + Discrimination  Process by which a subject produces the same response to similar stimuli  Different colors of light  Different tones  Discrimination  the learned ability to distinguish between different stimuli  Dogs  Guard dog vs Guide dog

13. Why was Pavlov important?  Most Psy believe that classical conditioning is the basis of learning  Virtually all animals learn this way to some point  Isolated building blocks of learning, made no judgments, just observed behavior

14. Applications  John Watson  Human emotions and behaviors are a bundle of conditioned responses  Little Albert  Fired and started working at an Advertising firm  Can emotions be extinguished too?  Experiments show that they can be  Conquering phobias

15. Taste Aversion  Garcia  Rats stopped drinking from plastic water bottles in radiation chambers  Used drugs to make rats feel nauseated when eating/drinking from certain things  Stopped eating foods that made them feel sick

16. Operant Conditioning

17.  Type of learning in which the frequency of behavior depends on the consequence that follows that behavior  Consequences can be positive or negative  Positive will get more responses  Negative will get less

18. The Law of Effect  Edward Thorndike  Behaviors with more favorable results are more likely to occur again  Behaviors with less favorable results are less likely to occur

19. B F Skinner  Reinforcement  Any consequence that increases the future likelihood of a behavior  Punishment  Any consequence that decreases the future likelihood of a behavior

20. B F Skinner  Skinner Box  Operant Chamber  A bar or a lever that the participant presses on to receive a reward Shaping – every time that a behavior is wanted, give a reward. Has to start small, but can grow to be total control of behavior

21. Reinforcement  Positive Reinforcement –  When the behavior is followed by a desirable effect  $ for good grades  Negative Reinforcement  Removal of something negative or ending an undesirable event or state  Cold Medicine/Tylenol  Strengthens a behavior

22. Negative Reinforcement  More Examples  Mom buying candy for a screaming kid at the store  Kid negatively reinforced the candy buying behavior  Snooze Button  Allows you to sleep a little longer and not hear the alarm  Alcohol/drugs  Reduces anxiety or pain

23. Types of Reinforcers  Primary reinforcers – Unlearned  Getting food when hungry  Conditioned reinforcers –  Secondary Reinforcers  Get their power through learned association with Primary  Turn on a light to get food

24. Time and Reinforcement  Immediate reinforcement is much more effective than giving it later  Many behaviors will present themselves in a Skinner box  Rewarding the behavior that is “wanted” immediately will result in more of those behaviors  If there is a delay of more than 30 sec. the behavior will not be linked to the reward (rats)  Humans do respond to delayed reinforcers  Paychecks, good grades, trophy

25. Punishment  2 types  Undesirable event AFTER a behavior  Touching something hot  The burn you get is the punishment  A desirable state or event ENDS following a behavior  No more TV  No more cell phone  Because of something that was done

26. Problems with punishment  Punishment will probably backfire in the long run  Doesn’t end the desire to stop the behavior, just the undesirable consequences  Can lead to fear, anxiety and low self esteem  Run aways  Abusive parents more often than not have abusive children  Punishment is used best when it is used least

27. Discrimination and Extinction  Discrimination – selecting which stimuli you respond to  Fire drill bell vs end of class bell  Extinction  Loss of a response when there are no longer consequences  Mom doesn’t cave in and buy candy any more, no more tantrums

28. Schedules for reinforcement  Continuous Reinforcement  Every correct response gets a reward  Most useful for developing new behaviors  These behaviors are more easily extinguished  Once the goal is met, behavior often stops

29. Reinforcement Schedules  Partial Reinforcement  Reward only some responses  Fixed interval  The first correct response after a certain amount of time has passed  Only the first response after a certain amount of time

30. Reinforcement Schedules  Variable interval  Different amounts of time before reward is given  Fixed ratio  Specific amount of correct responses before reward  Variable ratio  Different number of correct responses

31. Role of Cognition  Latent Learning  Learning that takes places, but doesn’t show itself until the learner has an incentive to show it  Overjustification  Rewarding someone for something they like doing anyway  Takes away the natural reward for doing something  Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation  Reading/homework?

32. Role of Biology  Pigeons  Wing flapping to avoid shock  Peck for food  That’s how they naturally act  Defense mechanism vs. Eating  Much easier to learn behaviors related to ones that are instinctual

33. Observational Learning  Albert Bandura  Observational Learning takes place by watching others  One person MODELS the behavior, the learner mimics  Bobo the doll experiment  Aggression and observational learning  Rewards and punishments

34. Bandura’s Film  Sockeroo  3 different endings  1. Modeled behavior was praised and the aggressive behavior received candy  2. Model was called a bad person and spanked  3. Nothing happens, no reward no punishment

35. Vicarious Learning  Most aggressive behavior in those who saw the reward  Least aggressive behavior in those who saw the punishment  Learning through the consequences others receive

36. 4 Conditions  This type of learning takes place when all 4 conditions are met  1. Attention – you must be aware of the behaviors of those around you  2. Retention – you must remember the behavior you witnessed  3. Ability to reproduce behavior – skills  4. Motivation – what rewards are there?  More likely to perform behavior if there is a reward

37. Observational Learning  Happens everyday, practically from birth  Role Models  Antisocial behavior  Destructive and negative  Prosocial Behavior  Positive, Constructive, helpful

38. Violence and Media  The average US student has seen 8000 murders and over 100,000 violent acts by the end of elementary school  Research shows the following  More aggressive TV leads to more aggrressive bahvior  More expiosure to violence can have long term consequences  Women and minorities as victims increases this experience in real life