1. AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY CH. 18n 14o CLASS NOTES
Traditional Livelihoods of
Rural Peoples

2. Economic Activities 1. Primary:
(EXTRACTION) Farming, Fishing, Herding, Mining
2. Secondary:
(PRODUCTION) Convert raw materials into useable products
3. Tertiary:
Service Industry (CONSUMER) (retail, lawyer, doctor, teacher, plumber)

3. Quaternary & Quinary
Tertiary so complex – broken down further in 4 and 5
4. QUAT. – Knowledge Based
Services for Businesses
Banking, Insurance, Consulting
Manage Information / Exchange of money or capital

4. Quinary
5. QUIN. – Research, Technology, & Higher Ed.

8. First Agricultural Revolution (remember???)
Begin to plant fields and grow crops
Surplus of food can be grown
Larger settlements develop
Not everyone has to farm – can do other jobs (specialization)

9. Subsistence Farming
Growing only enough to survive (sustain)– not profit (no surplus)
Small Scale

10. Geographer Carl Sauer Plant Domestication – Root vs. Seed plant
Artificial Selection
Genetic Changes to suit Human Needs

11. The domestication of wheat provides an example
The domestication of wheat provides an example. Wild wheat falls to the ground to reseed itself when ripe, but domesticated wheat stays on the stem for easier harvesting. There is evidence that this critical change came about as a result of a random mutation near the beginning of wheat's cultivation. Wheat with this mutation was harvested and became the seed for the next crop. Therefore, without realizing, early farmers selected for this mutation, which would otherwise have died out. The result is domesticated wheat, which relies on farmers for its own reproduction and dissemination

12. Animal Domestication Attracted to settlements as scavengers
Get used to human presence / protection from predators
Changes for Human Needs
Labor / livestock / protection

13. Natural variations in individual plants and animals also support the selection of new traits. It is speculated that tamer than average wolves, less wary of humans, selected themselves as domestic dogs over many generations. These wolves were able to thrive by following humans to scavenge for food near camp fires and garbage dumps. Eventually a symbiotic relationship developed between people and these proto-dogs. The dogs fed on human food scraps, and humans found that dogs could warn them of approaching dangers, help with hunting, act as pets, provide warmth, or supplement their food supply. As this relationship progressed, humans eventually began to keep these self-tamed wolves and breed from them the types of dogs that we have today.

15. Taming – Not Domestication

17. 2nd Agricultural Revolution
During 17th – 18th Century Europe (leads into Industrial Rev.)
Soil Preparation, fertilization, tools, harvesting, storage improved
Increased productivity & yield

18. Von Thunen Concentric Rings Land Use Model

19. Spatial Layout of Agriculture – Rural land use Model (early 1800s)
Johann Heinrich von Thunen
Activity precedence around city (market)
Premise of RENT
(land value : profit)

20. 3 Model Assumptions 1. Flat Terrain 2. Consistent Env. Conditions
3. No Transport Barriers to Market

21. RING 1 - Closest to Market (city):
perishables & dairy items
Command highest prices
Need fastest transport to market
(INTENSIVE AGRICL.)

23. RING 2 –
Forest: provide fuel for burning

24. RING 3 – Field Crops: Wheat & Grains
Not as perishable, can be stored, transport slower
(EXTENSIVE AGRICL.)

25. Beyond This = Unprofitable
RING 4 –
Ranching & Livestock
Need Grazing Space
Beyond This = Unprofitable
Market Dist.

29. Von Thunen Analysis
Interplay between Market Distance, Land Use, and Transportation costs
Examine which land use yields the highest returns (PROFIT!!!)
RENT (land value) decreases w/ distance from Market

30. Pre - 3rd Agricultural Revolution
Cash Cropping, Plantations
Role of Technology in Farming
Reduction of Human labor

31. 3rd Agricultural Revolution
“Green Revolution”
Intensive Mechanization
Use of Bio-Technology
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
Higher yield strains
“Frankenfoods”

33. Worldwide laws regarding GM Foods 2012

35. The Labeling Debate