1. Digital multiplexers In TDM a group of analog signals are sampled sequentially in time at a common sampling rate and then multiplexed for transmission over a common line In this section the multiplexing of digital signals at different rates will be considered Multiplexing of digital signals is accomplished by using a bit-by bit interleaving 1

2. Digital multiplexers A selector switch is used sequentially takes a bit from each incoming line, then applies it to a high speed common line At the receiving end of the system the output of this common line is separated out into its low speed individual components and then delivered to their destination 2

3. Digital multiplexers block diagram 3

4. Digital multiplexers groups- group 1 Digital multiplexers are divided into two major groups 1. 1.One group is used to take relatively low bit-rate data streams originating from computers and multiplex them for TDM transmission over the public switched telephone network. This group requires the use of modulators and demodulators 4

5. Digital multiplexers groups- group 2 2.The second group forms part of the data transmission services These multiplexers constitute a digital hierarchy that time division multiplexes low rate bit streams into much higher rate bit streams 5

6. Digital signal zero (DS0) hierarchy The DS0 standard takes one voice signal, then sample it at a sampling frequency of 8 kHz/s, the samples are converted into PCM using 8-bit quantizer This means that the DS0 produces data at 64 kbit/s 6

7. Digital signal one (DS1) hierarchy DS1 is the first level of the hierarchy DS1 combines 24 DS0 bit streams to obtain a digital signal one at 1.544 Mb/s The bandwidth of the DS1 is computed from the following equation 7

8. Digital signal two (DS2) hierarchy DS2 is the second level multiplexer DS2 combines 4 DS1 bit streams to obtain a digital signal one at 6.312 Mb/s The bandwidth of the DS2 is computed from the following equation 8

9. Digital signal three (DS3) hierarchy DS3 is the third level multiplexer DS3 combines 7 DS2 bit streams to obtain a digital signal one at 44.736 Mb/s 9

10. Digital signal four (DS4) hierarchy DS4 is the fourth level multiplexer DS4 combines 6 DS3 bit streams to obtain a digital signal one at 274.176 Mb/s 10

11. Digital signal five (DS5) hierarchy DS5 is the fifth level multiplexer DS5 combines 2 DS4 bit streams to obtain a digital signal one at 560.16 Mb/s 11

12. Problems involved in the design of a digital multiplexer Synchronization between receiver and reciever The multiplexed signal must include some form of framing so that its individual components can be identified at the receiver The multiplexer has to handle small variations in the bit rates of the incoming digital signals 12

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15. Virtues, limitations and modifications of PCM Why someone use digital communications (PCM) even though it introduces complications in the design of communication system? PCM system has many advantages some of these advantages are 15

16. Advantages of PCM Robustness to channel noise Efficient regeneration of the coded signal along the transmission path Efficient exchange of increased channel bandwidth for improved signal to noise ratio, obey an exponential law 16

17. Advantages of PCM A uniform format for the transmission of different kinds of base band signals, hence their integration with other forms of digital data in a common network Comparative ease with which message sources may be dropped or reinserted in time division multiplex system Secure communication through the use of special modulation schemes or encryption 17