1. King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals  Electrical Engineering Department EE 578 Simulation of Wireless Systems Code Division Multiple Access Transmission Technology Assignment # 5
Ali Al-Saihati
ID#

2. OUTLINE Introduction. CDMA Transmission Scheme. Direct Sequence SS
Frequency Hopping.
Time Hopping
Chirp SS.
Hybrid Systems.
Code Generation.
BER Performance.

3. Introduction The transmitted signals are coded using unique codes.
It is also called spread spectrum modulation because encoding enlarges the signal spectrum.
Originally used in military radar and communication systems because of low probability of detection and jamming resistance.
SS criteria:
1) Bt > Bi.
2) Br should be determined by pther functions.
The receiver correlates the received signal with a generated code to extract the information.

4. SS Properties 1) Multiple access capability.
2) Multipath interference protection.
3) Privacy.
4) Interference rejection.
5) Antijamming capability.
6) Low probability of interference (LPI)

6. CDMA Transmission Scheme
Could be explained by two concepts: protocol & modulation method.
Protocol method: has 2 protocols
1) Averaging systems: average the interference over long duration.
2) Avoidance systems: avoid interference.
Modulation method: 5 protocols: DS – FH – TH – Chirp SS- Hybrid.

8. Direct Sequence SS Digital code signal modulates information signal.
Digital or analog signals could be used yet digital signals are used.
For spreading: Rcc > Rci
PSK modulation is used for code modulation.
Receiver must know the code and synchronize it.

11. DSSS Properties Multiple access: Computes cross correlation.
Multipath interference: delayed signals > 2T cosidered interference signals using coherent demodulation.
Narrowband interference: power decreases by a factor of Gp.
LPI: low power- hard to detect.

12. Frequency Hopping Carrier frequency changes with time.
Occupies a small BW at a time.
Generally, FM & FSK modulations are used for signal modulation.
Fast hopping: Rh > Rd, 1 bit with different carrier frequencies.
Slow hopping: Rh < Rd, multiple bits within one frequency.

14. FH Properties Multiple access: different for FFH & SFH.
Multipath interference: averages the frequency responses at the receiver.
Narrowband interference: power decreases by a factor of Gp.
LPI: frequency transmission not known- hard to detect.

15. Time Hopping Signaling rate is high for the data signal.
Time is divided into frame that contains M slots.
Transmission frequency needed for 1 user increases by M.

17. TH Properties
Multiple access: uses error correcting codes for multi transmission.
Multipath interference: signals overlap- no advantage.
Narrowband interference: power decreases by a factor of Gp.
LPI: difficult to detect.

18. Chirp SS Not adapted to CDMA.
Spreads the BW using linear frequency modulation of the carrier.

19. Hybrid Systems
Utilize advantages from different modulation techniques.
DS/FH has good multipath property.
Transmitters and receivers are complex.

21. Generation of a Spreading Code
Codes Requirements: periodic, constant length easy to distinguish from other codes and time shifted.
Autocorrelation and cross-correlation are applied for code evaluation.
Autocorrelation and cross-correlation are given by:

22. Code Generation by Linear Feedback Registers
Each block in a register is a memory.
Can be linear or nonlinear determined by a function.
LFSR is represented by generator polynomial.

23. M Sequence Codes are generated by using LSR.
Maximum period is Nc= 2n-1
Autocorrelation period:
If n ≠ 0 mod 4, there exists 3 values of cross correlation: [-1, -t(n), t(n)-2]

24. Gold Sequence Developed by gold.
Sequences with different codes that have the same correlation values are needed.
Generated by using 2 M sequence and XOR the results.
Cross correlation values = [-1, -t(n), t(n)-2]

25. Orthogonal Gold Sequence
There are issues in gold sequence:
1) 0 to 1 proportion not always balanced.
2) cross correlation value not 0 for synchronized environment.
3) special clocks are needed due to the odd number of code length.
Orthogonal gold sequence is inserted in the gold sequence as a chip to give zero cross correlation value during synchronization.
The rest have the same characteristics as gold sequence.

26. BER Performance in AWGN

27. BER Performance in Fading

28. Thank You