1. Chapter 6 Data Communication and the Cloud
Jason C. H. Chen, Ph.D.
Professor of MIS
School of Business Administration
Gonzaga University
Spokane, WA 99258

2. GearUp Scenarios Chapter 4: Hardware and Software
GearUp has important decisions to make about critical software development project
Chapter 5: Database Processing
GearUp does not have the easy access to data needed to analyze vendor quality and costs
Chapter 6: Data Communication and the Cloud
GearUp needs to make decisions about building infrastructure for the next stage of its growth
GearUp needs to understand advantages and disadvantages of cloud-based computing

3. GearUp: “No, I Mean 25 Cents an Hour.”
Gearup’s Web hosting costs rising rapidly
Lucas suggests provisioning Web servers and databases in the cloud
Provision server resources by the hour
Costs: $50/mo plus 25-cents per hour for processing time used
Could yield huge savings

4. Three popular networks
Topics in Networks
Three popular networks
LAN
MAN
WAN and
Internet

5. Study Questions
Q1: What is a computer network? Q2: What are the components of a LAN? Q3: What are the fundamental concepts you should know about the Internet? Q4: What processing occurs on a typical Web server? Q5: Why is the cloud the future for most organizations? Q6: How can organizations use the cloud? Q7: 2022?

6. Q1: What Is a Computer Network?
Computer network is a collection of computers that communicate with one another over a variety of transmission lines.
Three basic types of networks: LAN, WAN, and Internet.
What are the alternatives for a WAN?(video)
Figure 6-1 Major Network Types

7. Connecting to the Internet What Are the Alternatives for a WAN?
WANs connect computers located at physically separated sites by obtaining connection capabilities from a third-party, typically an Internet Service Provider (ISP).
Three primary functions of an ISP are to:
Provide users with a legitimate Internet address
Serve as a gateway for users to connect to the Internet
Help pay for the Internet by collecting money from customers and using it to pay access fees and other charges

8. What is a computer network?
Network: a communications, data exchange, and resource-sharing system created by linking two or more computers with communication standards, or protocols, so that they can work together
Three major types of networks:
Local area network (LAN): computers connected at a single physical location, such as networks on GU campus.
Wide area network (WAN): Computers connected between two or more separated sites (locations)
The Internet and internets: Networks of networks

9. What Is a Computer Network?
Additional characteristics of networks:
LAN communication lines reside on-premises, making it easier for a business to locate a network wherever it chooses.
WAN communication lines are owned by a third-party vendor. A business contracts with vendor to use its WAN lines.
Each type of network uses protocols which are sets of rules that two devices use to communicate with each other.

10. Q2: What Are the Components of a LAN?
SOHO LAN
Figure 6-2 Typical Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) LAN

11. What Are the Components of a LAN?
Components are usually located within a half mile of each other.
A switch is a special-purpose computer that receives and transmits messages to computers in the LAN.
A network interface card (NIC)
is a hardware component that
connects each device’s circuitry
to a cable allowing protocols to
send data across the LAN.
Most computers today
include an NIC.
Fig 6 (extra): Local Area Network (LAN)

12. What are the components of a LAN?
A media access control (MAC) address serves as a unique identifier for each NIC on a LAN.
Fig 6 (extra): Local Area Network (LAN)

13. Wired Connectivity: What Are the Components of a LAN?
Media access control (MAC) address serves as a unique identifier for each NIC on a LAN.
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables, shown on left, are one way to connect devices to a LAN.
Optical fiber cables, shown on right, connect devices to a LAN using fiberglass wires to transmit signals which are light rays. Cladding contain the signals. Optical fiber carries more traffic than UTP cables.
Fig 6-(extra) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
Fig 6-5 Optical Fiber Cable

14. Question
In order for a printer or laptop to connect to a wireless LAN they must have a(n)
NIC or
Something else?
WNIC

15. Wireless Connections: What Are the Components of a LAN?
IEEE wireless protocol uses wireless NICs (WNIC) to connect devices to networks similar to how wired NICs operate.
Figure depicts a combination of NICs and WNICs on a LAN.
Access points (AP) use
802.3 protocol to communicate with a switch and protocol to send and receive wireless traffic.
Fig Extra: LAN with Wireless

16. LAN Protocol IEEE 802.3 IEEEE 802.11 Wired LAN 10/100/1000 Mbps
Ethernet
IEEEE
Wireless LAN
802.11n
Bluetooth

17. What Are the Components of a LAN?
The IEEE, Institute for Electrical & Electronics Engineers, is a committee that creates and publishes protocols and standards used by virtually every network.
IEEE 802.3, or Ethernet, protocol is used by all LAN devices. It specifies hardware characteristics and describes how messages are packaged and processed.
Onboard NICs in new PCs support10/100/1000 Ethernet protocol which describes transmission rate speed.
Communication speeds are expressed in bits like 1,000,000 for megabits.

18. Summary of LAN and WAN Networks
Figure 6-3 Network Technology Summary

19. Connecting to the Internet
Connecting personal computers to an ISP requires that digital signals coming out of the computer are converted to analog signals. Analog signals coming into a personal computer must be converted to digital signals.
Comparison of digital and analog signals.
digital signal (0/1)
analog signal (wavy)
Fig 6-4 Analog Versus Digital Signals

20. What are the alternatives for a WAN?
Modems are used to convert the signals back and forth as shown in the figure below.
analog signal
digital signal
Fig 6-5 Personal Computer Internet Access

21. Two Ways connecting to an ISP (for Homes and Small Businesses)
1. DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) modem shares a single communication line for a telephone and a personal computer. It’s much faster than a dial-up modem and allows a user to maintain a constant network connection with an ISP.
Asymmetric DSL, ADSL, provides different upload/download speeds.
Symmetrical DSL, SDSL, provides the same upload/download speeds.
2. Cable modem shares a single communication line for cable TV and a personal computer. It’s also faster than a dial-up modem and allows users to maintain a constant network connection.
Because cable modems use a neighborhood distribution center, transmission speeds vary based on the number of network users.
DSL and cable modems are considered broadband because their transmission speeds exceed 256 kbps (narrowband is with the transmission speeds of less than 56kbps).

22. Q3: What Are the Fundamental Concepts You Should Know About the Internet?
Fig 6-6 Using the Internet for a Hotel Reservation

23. Video Cloud_Computing_bmis235(4m50s)
TCP / IP - An animated discussion (6:12)

24. What are the functions of the five TCP/IP?
Throughout this chapter, and while you’re using the Internet, you’ll hear these terms used frequently.
Architecture is the arrangement of protocol layers with each given specific tasks.
Protocols are sets of rules that accomplish tasks in each layer.
Programs are specific computer products that implement protocols.

25. Five Layers of TCP/IP Protocols
Application Layer
Software Developers
Hardware
Experts
USERS?
Transport (TCP) Layer
Internet Protocol (IP) Layer
Until quite recently, there was a lack of sufficient standards for the interfaces between the hardware, software, and communication channels of data communication networks. This resulted in incompatible network systems, and thus, increased the cost and reduced the efficiency of data communications. In response several manufacturers and international organizations developed standards called protocols and master plans called network architectures to support the development of advanced data communication networks.
A protocol is a set of rules and procedures for the control of communications in a network.
The International Standards Organization (ISO) has developed a seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model to serve as a standard model for network architecture.
Application Layer. This layer provides communications services for end user applications.
Presentation Layer. This layer provides appropriate data transmission formats and codes.
Session Layer. This layer supports the accomplishment of telecommunications sessions.
Transport Layer. This layer supports the organization and transfer of data between nodes in the network.
Network Layer. This layer provides appropriate routing by establishing connections among network links.
Data Link Layer. This layer supports error free organization and transmission of data in the network.
Physical Layer. This layer provides physical access to the telecommunications media in the network.
Data Link Layer
Why TCP/IP Protocol?
Physical Layer
2000 McGraw-Hill Companies

26. TCP/IP Protocol Architecture
This chart gives you the specific and broad functions of each layer in the TCP/IP-OSI architecture.
TCP or Transmission Control Protocol
Breaks traffic up into packets and sends each one along its way
IP (Internet Protocol)
Routers
Fig 6-7 TCP/IP Protocol Architecture

27. TCP and IP Protocols: Middle Layers
TCP or Transmission Control Protocol
Breaks traffic up into packets and sends each one along its way
IP (Internet Protocol)
Routers

28. IP Addressing Public IP Addresses Private IP Addresses Major benefits
Identify a particular device on public Internet
Public IP addresses must be unique, worldwide
Assignment controlled by ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)
Private IP Addresses
Identify a particular device on a private network
Controlled by company operating network
Major benefits
Public IP: All devices on LAN share a public IP address.
Private IP address, need not register computer with ICANN-approved agencies.

29. Functions of the LAN Device
Switch processing: IEEE wired LAN traffic
Access-point processing: IEEE wireless LAN traffic
Translating between IEEE and IEEE
Converting between Analog and Digital
Assigning private IP addresses
Converting IP address between private and public IP addresses
Routing packets
And more …

30. Public IP Addresses and Domain Names
IPv4
Four decimal dotted notation like
Domain name
Worldwide-unique name affiliated with a public IP address
Affiliation of domain names with IP addresses is dynamic
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

31. Virtual Private Networks (VPN)
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) create the appearance of private point-to-point connections by using tunnels to create virtual, private pathways over the Internet.
Figure below shows connections a VPN uses.
Fig 6-9 Remote Access Using VPN: Actual Connections

32. Why Do Organizations Use Virtual Private Networks?
A VPN appears to be a direct connection between two sites as shown in this figure.
Software encrypts data as they pass through the VPN making them more secure. Then, decodes when user receives them.
Fig Remote Access Using VPN: Apparent Connection

33. Why Do Organizations Use Virtual Private Networks?
This figure shows how a WAN uses three different VPN tunnels to connect geographically separated users.
Secure but costly !!!
One Solution: Web Server
Fig 6-11 WAN Using VPN

34. Q4: What Processing Occurs on a Typical Web Server?
Almost all e-commerce applications use the three-tier architecture, which is an arrangement of user computers and servers into three categories, or tiers (see Fig. 6-13).
User tier:
consists of computers, phones, and other devices that have browsers that request and process web pages.
Server tier:
consists of computers that run Web servers and process application programs.
Database tier:
consists of computers that run a DBMS that processes requests to retrieve and store data.

35. Fig 6-13 Three Tier Architecture
Three Tier Architecture for E-Commerce Applications
Fig 6-13 Three Tier Architecture

36. DATABASE TRENDS Linking Internal Databases to the Web Database tier
Database server
-- a computer in a C/S environment that is responsible for running a DBMS to process SQL statements and perform database management tasks.
Application server
-- Software that handles all application operations between browser-based computers and a company’s back-end business applications or databases. (p.239, Laudon 5th ed.)
-- It provides integration across services, such as transaction processing. (e-C by Turban)
Database tier
User tier
Server tier N

37. Web-Based Client/Server Database Architecture
2. Request for
data-based Web page
1. Request for
data-based Web page
Web server
Network
3. Data query
Web Browser
8. Data-based
Web page
6. Retrieved data
7. Data-based
Web page
4. Data
query
5. Retrieved
data
Database Server
Legend
Communications
Between Web browser
And Web server
Between Web server
And database server

38. Watch the Three Tiers in Action!
Fig 6-12

39. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
Fig 6-15

40. XML, Flash, Silverlight, HTML 5
XML (eXtensible Markup Language)
Fixes several HTML deficiencies
Program-to-program interaction over Web
Flash
Browser add-on for animation, movies, and other advanced graphics inside a browser.
Silverlight
Browser add-on with greater functionality than Flash
HTML 5.0
Supports animation, movies, and graphics

41. Q5. Why Is the Cloud the Future for Most Organizations?
Elastic leasing of pooled computer resources over the Internet
Elastic
Dynamically increasing/decreasing a leased resource programmatically in a short span of time, and only pay for resource used

42. Why Is the Cloud Preferred to In-House Hosting?
Fig 6-17 Comparison of Cloud and On-Site Alternatives

43. Why Is the Cloud Preferred to In-House Hosting? (cont’d)
Fig 6-17 Comparison of Cloud and On-Site Alternatives

44. When Does the Cloud Not Make Sense?
Only when law or industry standard practices require physical control over the data
Private cloud
In-house hosting, delivered via Web service standards

45. Clouds Cloud computing Refers to a computing network on the Internet
When you access a video from a site like Facebook, you are accessing computing services in the cloud. You don’t know which server is processing your Facebook requests or which server is playing the video. You just know that somewhere in the cloud one or more servers are causing the video to be downloaded to your computer.

46. Cloud Service Web Email Online virus detection YouTube Online Doc
Blogging …

48. Another Video for Cloud Computing
SIDITA gives a BRIEF overview (prior to video)
-- “CLOUD" is used as a metaphor for the Internet. Major cloud service providers include Microsoft, Salesforce, Amazon, and Google.
-- Frequently takes the form of web-based tools or applications that users can access and use through a web browser as if it were a program installed locally on their own computer. (SaaS) Common business applications often include data stored on external servers (IaaS). A key element of cloud computing is customization and the creation of a user-defined experience (PaaS).
SHOW VIDEO…

49. Q6. How Can Organizations Use the Cloud?
SaaS: provide not only hardware infrastructure, but also an OS and application programs on top of that hardware
PaaS: Provide hosted computers , an OS, and possibly a DBMS
IaaS: The most basic cloud offering, which is the cloud hosting of a bare server computer or disk drive.
Fig 6-18 Three Fundamental Cloud Types
T/F: The most basic cloud offering is platform as a service (PaaS), which is the cloud hosting of a bare server computer or disk drive.
Answer:
See page. 201

50. Q7: 2022? Cloud computing benefit Individuals on iCloud
Small groups using Office 365
Startups Using PaaS
Huge organizations using IaaS
New categories of products and services
Create new jobs?
Tele-action
Telediagnosis, telesurgery, telelaw enforcement

51. End of Chapter 6