1. Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001 Extending Human Systems Engineering Beyond the Individual Liwana S. Bringelson, Ph.D., PMP Research Associate Professor Systems Design/LT3 Centre University of Waterloo

2. Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001 Overview Introduction Characteristics of groups Designing for groups Systems for computer mediated communication

3. Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001 Who is Dr. Liwana Bringelson? Previous background –B.S. in psychology and M.S. and Ph.D. in industrial engineering (Purdue University) –Associate Professor in Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering –Certified Project Management Professional Current roles –Research/Program Manager for the Center for Learning and Teaching Through Technology (LT3) –Research Associate in the Advanced Interface Design Lab

4. Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001 Where do we pick up? What has been covered so far? –Cognitive aspects –Physical aspects What is left in an overview of Human Systems Engineering?

5. Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001 Characteristics of Groups/Teams Is there a difference? Group -- Team -- Crew Cohesiveness Interdependence

6. Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001 Costs of Groups Definition of “Process loss” –losses that occur due to being in a group –energy/time it takes to belong to a group “Groupthink” –"a mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive group, when the members' strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action.” (Janis, 1982)

7. Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001 Characteristics of Groupthink –Highly cohesive group –Illusion of infallibilty –Stereotyping outsiders –Bounded rationality –Belief in inherent morality –Self-censorship –Direct pressure on dissenters –Mindguards Further information: http://sol.brunel.ac.uk/~jarvis/bola/ communications/groupthink.html

8. Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001 Characteristics of Groups Communication types –Formal vs. Informal –Verbal vs. Non-verbal –Sychronous vs. Asynchronous

9. Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001 Characteristics of Groups Conflict –Benefits Multiple perspectives Identify support for ultimate decision Group buy-in to outcome –Functional vs. Dysfunctional Compromise Forcing Problem-solving Withdrawal

10. Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001 Types of Conflict WinLose Win Lose Problem solving Withdrawal Forcing Compromise ME YOU

11. Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001 Characteristics of Groups Personal power –Differences –Imbalances Personalities –Variety of preferences –Type indicators Myers-BriggsType Indicator (MBTI) Kolbe Enneagram

12. Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001 MBTI Scales Introvert vs. Extrovert Sensing vs. Intuitive Thinking vs. Feeling Judging vs. Perceiving

13. Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001 Characteristics of Groups Time Management –Scheduling –Respect –Recognizing different expectations Group/Team Development Forming --> Norming --> Performing --> Storming

14. Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001 Designing for Groups Used by project/design teams –Full time –Periodically Effect of design on behaviour –Informal or Formal discussion areas –Individual work areas –Privacy

15. Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001 Process and Interactions Teamwork or Leadership Training Crew Resource Management –Communication –Interdependency –Accountability

16. Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001 Computer Mediated Communication Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) Electronic Brainstorming System (EBS) Choosing tools/tasks for groups

17. Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001 CSCW Alternatives Primarily text Text + Graphics Visual + Audio Synchronous Asynchronous

18. Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001 CSCW Alternatives Primarily text Text + Graphics Visual + Audio Synchronous Asynchronous Chat ICQ Email Newsgroups Web pages File sharing Shared whiteboard VR avatars Videoconferences Remote presence systems Flash or Real Web page pictures Quicktime

19. Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001 Electronic Brainstorming System - EBS (mock-up) Group discussion Input Area GroupClear Self Your contributions

20. Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001 EBS Benefits vs. Costs Typing as input Required facilitator Not co-located team Record of discussion BenefitCost Don’t have to wait to speak Advantage to touch typists Able to keep team on task May inhibit discussion Save travel costs and time Don’t receive non-verbals Can review discussion Noise also captured

21. Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001 Tools and Tasks by Group Type of Group Tasks Tools Advice/ Involvement Production/ Service Project/ Development Action/ Negotiation

22. Copyright Liwana S. Bringelson - 2001 Questions and Comments