1. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Respiratory Volumes Used to assess a person’s respiratory status Tidal volume (TV) = The amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) = The amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal (TV) inhalation Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) = The amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal (TV) exhalation Residual volume (RV) = The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

2. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.16b Respiratory volumes Tidal volume (TV) Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions 3100 ml Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) Residual volume (RV) Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation 500 ml Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a nor- mal tidal volume inhalation Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a nor- mal tidal volume exhalation 1200 ml MeasurementDescription Adult male average value 1900 ml 500 ml 700 ml 1100 ml Adult female average value

3. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Respiratory Capacities Inspiratory capacity (IC) = Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration: IC= TV+IRV Functional residual capacity (FRC) = Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration: FRC = ERV+RV Vital capacity (VC) = Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort: VC = TV+IRV+ERV Total lung capacity (TLC) = The maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort: TLC = TV+IRV+ERV+RV

4. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 22.16b Respiratory capacities (b) Summary of respiratory volumes and capacities for males and females Functional residual capacity (FRC) Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration: FRC = ERV + RV Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort: TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maxi- mum inspiratory effort: VC = TV + IRV + ERV Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration: IC = TV + IRV Total lung capacity (TLC) Vital capacity (VC) Inspiratory capacity (IC) 6000 ml 4800 ml 3600 ml 2400 ml 4200 ml 3100 ml 2400 ml 1800 ml

5. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Dead Space Some inspired air never contributes to gas exchange Anatomical dead space: volume of the conducting zone conduits (~150 ml) Alveolar dead space: alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange due to collapse or obstruction Total dead space: sum of above nonuseful volumes

6. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Pulmonary Function Tests Spirometer: instrument used to measure respiratory volumes and capacities Spirometry can distinguish between Obstructive pulmonary disease—increased airway resistance (e.g., bronchitis) Restrictive disorders—reduction in total lung capacity due to structural or functional lung changes (e.g., fibrosis or TB)

7. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Pulmonary Function Tests Minute ventilation: total amount of gas flow into or out of the respiratory tract in one minute Forced vital capacity (FVC): gas forcibly expelled after taking a deep breath Forced expiratory volume (FEV): the amount of gas expelled during specific time intervals of the FVC

8. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Nonrespiratory Air Movements Most result from reflex action Examples include: cough, sneeze, crying, laughing, hiccups, and yawns

9. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Transport of O 2 In each 100ml of oxygenated blood 1.5% of the O2 is dissolved in the plasma 98.5% is carried with hemoglobin inside RBC’s as oxyhemoglobin. 4 molecules of O2 can bind to each hemoglobin

10. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Breathing CARBON MONOXIDE – can occur because CO binds more tenaciously to hemoglobin than O2 does, radically decreasing the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and often leading to hypoxia. Hemoglobin carries Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Red Blood Cell Carbon Monoxide binds tightly with Hemoglobin

11. Regulation of Breathing The rate of Oxygen consumption depends on the activity of the cells. The rate of Breathing is controlled by the brain which monitors the concentration of Carbonic Acid (HCO 3 ) in the blood. In other words, CO 2 H+ are the controlling factors in rate and depth of respiration…NOT Oxygen!!!

12. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. PROBLEMS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM They may affect the upper respiratory system or the lower bronchial tubes and lungs.

13. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper respiratory tract: nose, mouth, sinuses, and throat. Lower respiratory tract: trachea, bronchial tubes, and the structures inside the lungs.

14. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Viral infections Viral infections Most common cause of URS (upper respiratory symptoms Most common cause of URS (upper respiratory symptoms Colds and influenza (flu) Colds and influenza (flu) Colds: minor URS, usually go away without treatment Colds: minor URS, usually go away without treatment Influenza usually more serious than colds; key symptom in adults is fever Influenza usually more serious than colds; key symptom in adults is fever Antibiotics are not used to treat viral illnessesAntibiotics are not used to treat viral illnesses

15. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Bacterial Infections Affect the upper or lower Affect the upper or lower respiratory system respiratory system Symptoms tend to localize to one area Symptoms tend to localize to one area Common sites of bacterial infections: Sinuses, Throat, Bronchial Tubes and Lungs Common sites of bacterial infections: Sinuses, Throat, Bronchial Tubes and Lungs More common in smokers More common in smokers Treated with Antibiotics Treated with Antibiotics

16. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Allergies/Asthma Symptoms of allergies often last longer than a typical viral respiratory infection Symptoms of allergies often last longer than a typical viral respiratory infection Asthma is a chronic disease of the respiratory system Asthma is a chronic disease of the respiratory system

17. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Pneumonia Causes: Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Pneumonia can range in seriousness from mild to life-threatening Antibiotics can treat most common forms of bacterial pneumonias Antibiotic-resistant strains are a growing problem

18. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema Includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema Characterized by irreversible airflow obstruction and often exist together Characterized by irreversible airflow obstruction and often exist together COPD occurs most often in older people COPD occurs most often in older people 80 and 90 percent of COPD is attributed to cigarette smoking

19. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Bronchitis Inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes EMPHYSEMA EMPHYSEMA Walls of the Walls of the Alveoli are damaged Alveoli are damaged Both emphysema and chronic bronchitis cause permanent damage to the lungs and airways

20. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Obstructive Sleep Apnea Causes serious disturbances in normal sleep patterns, patients experience excessive daytime sleepiness and impaired performance Persons affected by OSA, are seven times more likely to be involved in multiple vehicular crashes

21. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. CYSTIC FIBROSIS CYSTIC FIBROSIS Inherited chronic disease that affects the lungs and digestive system A defective gene and its protein product cause the body to produce unusually thick, sticky mucus that: Clogs the lungs and leads to life-threatening lung infections; and Clogs the lungs and leads to life-threatening lung infections; and Obstructs the pancreas and stops natural enzymes from helping the body break down and absorb food. Obstructs the pancreas and stops natural enzymes from helping the body break down and absorb food.

22. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

23. Home Treatments for Minor Respiratory Problems Prevent dehydration Prevent dehydration Get extra sleep Get extra sleep Let yourself cough if you have a cough Let yourself cough if you have a cough For a sore throat, gargle at least once each hour For a sore throat, gargle at least once each hour

24. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Symptoms to Watch For During Home Treatment Increasing difficulty breathing Increasing difficulty breathing Wheezing develops Wheezing develops New pain develops or pain localizes to one area, such as a sinus area, ear, throat, or chest New pain develops or pain localizes to one area, such as a sinus area, ear, throat, or chest Symptoms persist in spite of home treatment Symptoms persist in spite of home treatment Symptoms become more severe or frequent Symptoms become more severe or frequent

25. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. PREVENTION There is no sure way to prevent respiratory illnesses Wash hands often Wash hands often Keep hands away from face Keep hands away from face Do not smoke Do not smoke Exercise regularly Exercise regularly Get a flu shot Get a flu shot Pay attention to pollution Pay attention to pollution indexes avoid asthma triggers indexes avoid asthma triggers To help reduce your risk:

26. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The End! :o)