1. Part 2 Principles of Flight & Navigation
Chap. 7- Basic Aeronautics & Aerodynamics
Chap. 8- Aircraft in Motion
Chap. 9- Flight Navigation

2. 7 Basic Aeronautics & Aerodynamics
Airfoil Design (Sub-sonic)
Lift & Angle of Attack
Daniel Bernoulli
Dutch physicist, 1738
Discovered relationship between the pressure and speed of fluid in motion
Bernoulli’s Principle: “As the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure decreases”
4 Forces of Flight
Aircraft Lift
Induced Lift (“Bernoulli” lift)
Dynamic Lift (relative wind strikes the wing underside, further increasing pressure, at increasing angles of attack - “Newtonian” lift)

3. 7 Basic Aeronautics & Aerodynamics
Drag (the “Killer”)
Wingtip Vortices
Stall
Drag (parasitic and induced) limits ability to go forward.
Vortices create drag and wake turbulence.
Separation occurs at high angle of attack and eliminates lift.
Supersonic flow different than sub-sonic flow (air ahead is warned by compressed air at leading edge).

4. 8 Aircraft in Motion The Axes of An Aircraft Lateral Axis
Longitudinal Axis
Vertical Axis

5. 8 Aircraft in Motion Engines Reciprocating
Fuel converted to energy in cylinder
Rocket
Fuel + Oxygen
Turbine
Turbojet
Turbofan
Turboprop
Turboshaft

6. 8 Aircraft in Motion Parts of a Reciprocating Engine
Propeller Cross-Section
Airfoil designed to yield constant force.
Propeller tip speeds approach Mach 1.

7. 8 Aircraft in Motion
Fuel System
Gravity Fed System
Force Fed System

8. 8 Aircraft in Motion Aircraft Instruments
Performance - How aircraft responds to commands
Control - Current state of aircraft devices
Instrument Types
Engine
Flight
Navigational
Tachometer
Oil Pressure
Oil Temperature
Manifold Pressure
Carburetor Temp.
Exhaust Gas Temp.
Airspeed Indicator
Altimeter
Turn/slip Indicator
Vertical Speed Ind.
Attitude Indicator (Artificial Horizon)
Mag. Compass
Heading Ind.
VOR Indicator
Loran
GPS

9. 9 Flight Navigation Global Coordinate System
Greenwich, England
Flat maps of a round object
Prime Meridian (0° longitude) defined to pass through Greenwich, England
International Date Line (180° longitude) on opposite side and defines the start of a new day.

10. 9 Flight Navigation Basic Navigation Techniques Sectional Charts
Pilotage - Reference to visible landmarks
Dead Reckoning - Systematic consideration of all factors that could affect the flight
Sectional Charts
Relief - Elevations
Hydrographic - Bodies of water
Cultural - Cities, towns
Airports - Civil & Military
Airspace & Airways - Navigation

11. 9 Flight Navigation Electronic Navigation Aids
VOR’s and similar beacons
Global Positioning Satellites (GPS)
Electronic Landing Aids
Instrument Landing Systems
Microwave Landing Systems
Differential GPS Landing Systems