1. Petroleum Production Fire Suppression
The extraction, production, and delivery of petroleum products presents fire risk at nearly every stage of the process primarily due to the volatile nature of the hydrocarbon fuels present throughout the process. Additionally, the machinery and technology used in the petroleum value stream present their own fire hazards which need to be addressed, (pumps, generators, electrical equipment, etc.)
Proper fire protection of these very specialized hazards is required to prevent potentially catastrophic loss of product, equipment, production time and human life, and to prevent environmental damage.
For the purposes of this presentation, protection of hazards not directly related to the production process, (accommodation spaces, kitchens, etc) will not be addressed due to time constraints.

2. Petroleum Production Fire Suppression
Segment Agenda:
Process Description
Fire Hazard Identification
Fire Hazard Classification and Characteristics
Applicable Codes and Standards
Fire Detection Methods and Application
Fire Suppression Solutions and Applications
Foam
Dry Chemical
Watermist
Carbon Dioxide
Clean Agents
Here’s the outline of what will be covered.

3. Petroleum Production Chain
Exploration/Extraction
Onshore
Offshore
Refining/Processing
Finished products
Storage & Transportation
Tanks
Pipelines
Truck & Rail
Each step in the petroleum production process has it’s own particular fire hazards.

4. Petroleum Production – Extraction
Bringing Oil to the Surface
Offshore Drilling Platforms
Onshore Drilling Platforms
Hydraulic Fracturing
Fire Hazards Include
Liquid Spill Fires
Liquid/Gas Pressure Fires
Electrical/Switching Equip
Power Generation Equip
Fires here can include: blowout fires, flash fires, liquid pool fires, gas pool fires, pressure fires, running liquid fires.

5. Petroleum Production – Processing
Converting Crude to Finished Products
Distillation
Cracking
Ultra Low Sulfur Fuel Production
Fire Hazards Include
Liquid Spill Fires
Liquid/Gas Pressure Fires
Electrical/Switching Equip
Power Generation Equip
Vessel Exposure
A breech in any piping system or equipment can result in pressure fires, liquid/gas pool fires or running liquid fires. These fires can also put adjacent processes at risk through heat exposure.

6. Petroleum Production – Transport & Storage
Crude and Finished Product
Pipelines
Trucks, Rail (& Marine Vessels)
Storage Tanks
Fire Hazards Include
Liquid Spill Fires
Liquid In-Depth Fires
Liquid/Gas Pressure Fires
Electrical/Switching Equip
Pumping Equip
Vessel Exposure
A leak in a pumping/filling process or breech of a transport vessel can result in pressure fires, liquid pool fires or running liquid fires.
Pumping stations on pipelines and at terminals present additional hazards from pumping equipment and drivers as well as electrical controls and switchgear.
Leakage from a large storage tank can result in the fires listed above as well fuel-in-depth fires. These fires can also put adjacent storage tanks at risk through heat exposure.

7. Petroleum Production – Hazard Properties
Hydrocarbon Fuel Fires
Class B Fire
High Heat/Flame Release
Requires Quick Knock Down
Requires Securing Against Re-Flash
Pool, Bulk, & Pressure Fires
Appropriate Agent Types
Dry Chemical
Foam
Watermist
CO2 & Clean Agents - Inerting
Because multiple types of volatile hydrocarbons are nearly always present, the chance for fuel/air mixtures within the flammability limits igniting is the primary hazard faced in the Petroleum industry.
Flammability limits refer to the fact that mixtures of gaseous fuels and air will only burn if the fuel concentration lies within well defined limits.

8. Petroleum Production – Hazard Properties
Electrical Fires
Class A or C Fire
Lower Heat Release
Requires Non- Conductive Agent
Requires Securing Power
3 Dimensional Fire
Appropriate Agent Types
CO2
Clean Agents
Define the difference between a class A and Class C (energized) fire.

9. Petroleum Production – Codes & Standards
IMO xxxx – Offshore
USCG – Offshore
Factory Mutual Data Sheet xx
NFPA 2001 – Clean Agents
NFPA 30 – Fixed Foam
NFPA 12 – CO2 Systems
NFPA 750 – Water Mist
NFPA 72 - Detection
Pic of standards
(Need to complete this slide……….)

10. Petroleum Production – Detection Methods
Flammable Gas
Flame
Heat
Spot Detectors
Linear Detectors
Smoke
Air Aspirating
Video
Discuss proper application for each detection method.
Flammable gas detection can sense flammable gas concentrations prior to combustion.
Flammable liquid fires (Class B) have high heat release and (usually) visible flame.
Electrical fires (Class A & C) have lower heat release and tend to make for smoke than flame.
Sensitive air-aspirating devices can detect smoke prior to it becoming visible.
Fire and Fuel Type Determine Detection Method

11. Petroleum Production Solutions - Foam
Foam Types
Aqueous film forming foams (AFFF)
Alcohol-resistant aqueous film-forming foams (AR-AFFF)
Specific Hazards Class B
Storage tank protection
Hand Line Bladder Tanks
Loading Racks
Diked Area Protection
Good Knockdown with Superior Securing Ability
Low-expansion foams have an expansion rate less than 20 times. Foams with expansion ratio between 20 and 200 are medium-expansion. Low-expansion foams such as AFFF are low-viscosity, mobile, and able to quickly cover large areas.
High-expansion foams have an expansion ratio over 200. They are suitable for enclosed spaces such as hangars, where quick filling is needed.
Alcohol-resistant foams contain a polymer that forms a protective layer between the burning surface and the foam, preventing foam breakdown by alcohols in the burning fuel. Alcohol-resistant foams should be used in fighting fires of fuels containing polar solvents.

12. Petroleum Production – Foam Example
Storage Tank Protection
Details……
Show diagram and method of tank protection.
Discuss foam type and application rates.

13. Petroleum Production Solutions – Dry Chem
Dry Chemical Application
Portables & Hose-Lines
High Capacity Monitors
Fixed Nozzle Systems
Specific Hazards Class B
Process Protection
Pressure Fires
Vent Stacks
Loading Racks
Superior Knock Down
Limited Securing Ability

14. Petroleum Production – Dry Chem Example
Loading Rack Protection
Details….
(get design example here)

15. Petroleum Production Solutions - Watermist
Watermist Systems
Water particles ~100 microns
Total Flooding and Local Application
Primary Hazards Class B
Turbines and Diesel Drivers
Pump Rooms
Machinery Spaces
Provides Suppression by:
Cooling
Oxygen Depletion (inerting)
Radiant Heat Blocking

16. Petroleum Production – Watermist Example
(Need a good turbine enclosure example here or similar)

17. Petroleum Production – Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Dioxide System Types
High & Low Pressure
Total Flooding and Local Application
Primary Hazards Class A, B, C
Generators
Turbines & Diesel Drivers
Electrical Hazards
Vent Stacks
Provides Suppression by:
Oxygen Depletion
Life Safety Considerations

18. Petroleum Production – CO2 Example
Vent Snuffer System
Details……
(get vent stack design exapmle here)

19. Petroleum Production – Clean Agents
Inert gases
Halocarbon Agents
Primary Hazards Class A,C (Limited B)
Computer/Control Rooms
MCC Rooms
Process Inerting
Provides Suppression by:
Oxygen Depletion - Inerts
Cooling - Halocarbons

20. Petroleum Production Clean Agent Example
(Show control or switchgear room example and layout here)

21. Petroleum Production – Water Spray
Heat control
Used to Control Heat Flux
Primary Hazards
Protect Adjacent Storage/Processes from Exposure
Application Rate
Dependant on Heat Input

22. Petroleum Production Fire Suppression
Summary