1. Standard 2
The impacts of economic developments and westward expansion on each region and democracy

2. Day 1 Friday

3. slides
Impact of westward expansion on nationalism and democracy
Expanding the franchise
Native Americans
States’ rights
Land acquisitions

4. Westward Expansion
Westward expansion intensified both nationalism and sectionalism in the US
Nationalism- a devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation
Sectionalism- the placing of the interests of one’s own region ahead of the interests of the nation as a whole
Every region supported expansion, but they differed on policies of the federal government

5. Westward Expansion Louisiana
Purchased from France for $15 million in 1803
President Thomas Jefferson was concerned about France’s presence in America
Impacts
Individualism- promoted settlement of the frontier
Sectionalism- provided raw materials that were transported on the Mississippi River
Democracy- Jefferson expanded the power of the president by using the elastic clause in the Constitution

6. Westward Expansion Oregon
President Thomas Jefferson asked Louis and Clark, with the help of Sacajawea, to explore the territory
Originally shared by Britain and the US, but in 1846 the border was set at the 49th parallel
Used for agriculture and fur trade
Impacts
Individualism- 1,000s of settlers traveled west on the Oregon Trail
Sectionalism- the west’s economy was based on agriculture and industry
Democracy- strengthened the federal government’s role in securing national borders

7. Westward Expansion Texas
Americans moved to Mexican controlled Texas and eventually revolted to form their own republic
The US annexed the Republic of Texas in 1845
Impacts
Individualism- Texans likened themselves to the Patriots during the Revolution because they believed Mexico was impeding on their rights
Sectionalism- due to Texas’ reliance on agriculture slavery was an important part of the economy
Democracy- prompted debate in Congress over slavery and the impact another slave state would have on the balance of power in Washington

8. Westward Expansion Mexican Cession
Ceded by Mexico in 1848 after the Mexican War
The US and Mexico fought over the southern border of Texas and land claims in the west
Impact
Individualism- 1,000s of settlers moved to California in search of gold
Sectionalism- the west depended on agriculture, mining, and industry to support the economy
Democracy- established the US as a dominate force in North America

9. Day 2 Monday

10. Political Impact
Expansion impacted nationalism by promoting the idea of the pioneer as the iconic American
The common man became the epitome of democracy
Expansion fueled the nationalist idea of Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny- 19th c. belief that the US would inevitably expand westward to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexican territory

11. Political Impact
Expansion provided additional government owned land available for purchase
These lands insure the spread of democracy as territories became new states
The right to vote was enjoyed by most US males due to the availability of cheep land for purchase
In the 1820s-30s, states dropped property qualifications and expanded the franchise to all white males, while disenfranchising African American property owners

12. Political Impact
President Andrew Jackson supported the Indian Removal Act, a formal policy to remove Natives to the west
Native Americans of the southeast responded by resistance (Seminoles in Florida) and assimilation (Cherokee in Georgia) but both failed
Assimilation- a minority group’s adoption of the beliefs and way of life of the dominate culture
Native Americans of the southeast were forced to move to the Indian Territory in Oklahoma on the Trail of Tears

13. Political Impact
Enslaved African American families were forced to split due to slave owners taking only part of their human property with them on the trek west
The rest of the slave family was left behind in the east

14. Political Impact
Increasing economic differences and the growing conflict over slavery caused a greater split between the North and South
Northern and western manufacturers supported a high tariff to protect industry
Southern planters opposed the tariff because they relied on trade with Europe
This conflict would lead to the Nullification Crisis of 1832 when South Carolina threatened to secede from the union over high tariffs

15. Political Impact
In the 1830s, South Carolina used the argument of state’s rights to declare the tariff null and void
A compromise and the threat of federal troops led South Carolina to rescind their nullification of the tariff
Nullification- a state’s refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional
South Carolina did not retract the right of a state to nullify an act of Congress

16. Day 3 Tuesday

17. slides
The effects of the Monroe Doctrine and Manifest Destiny on the United States’ relationship with foreign powers
Texan Revolution
Mexican War

18. Historical Background
South American nations had wars of liberation during the early 19th c.
Mercantilist relationships with Spain were broken and Britain established strong trade ties
Mercantilism- an economic system in which nations seek to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by establishing a favorable balance of trade
After the Napoleonic wars, the restored monarchs wanted to reestablish their colonial possessions
Britain feared colonization of Latin America would interfere with their trade interests and asked the US to help support their resistance

19. The Monroe Doctrine
President James Monroe warned European nations not to attempt to reestablish any colonial claims
The US military power was very limited in the early 19th c. so the enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine depended on the British navy
It wasn’t until the late 19th and early 20th c. that the US military could enforce the Monroe Doctrine on its own

20. Manifest Destiny
The phrase Manifest Destiny wasn’t coined until the 1800s but the belief was present in Americans since the first settlers
The belief that Americans had a God-given right to all the land of the North American continent
Manifest Destiny was based on the belief that Americans were culturally superior to other inferior peoples

21. Texan Revolution
Many Americans moved into Texas at the invitation of the Mexican government
Provided more land for cotton and slavery
Texans were expected to obey the laws of Mexico
When the Mexican government outlawed slavery, the Texans revolted and won their independence
The Mexican government did not recognize Texan independence
The Republic of Texas was independent for almost 10 years because the US was trying to avoid a controversy over adding another slave state
Manifest Destiny became a rally cry causing the election of President James K. Polk and the annexation of Texas

22. Mexican War
President James K. Polk attempted to purchase additional land from Mexico but was denied
American troops were sent into a disputed area located between Texas and Mexico
Shots were fired and the Mexican War began
American troops infiltrated deep into Mexican territory
In the peace treaty, the US acquired land that included California, New Mexico, and Arizona
This was not American territory or unclaimed land
The Mexican War established a combative relationship between the US and Mexico that lasted into the 20th c.

23. slides
Economic development in the South, the North, and the West during the early 19th c.
Influence of economic policy on political controversies

24. Sectionalism
Economic differences between the North, South, and the West resulted in the development of different social values and political interests
The North was characterized by harbors and fast flowing rivers
The South benefited from fertile land for cash crops
The West had an abundance of new resources, farm land, and mineral deposits
The West was a constantly shifting as the frontier moved closer to the Pacific Ocean

25. Economic Differences
The North invested in growing factories which attracted large numbers of German and Irish immigrants to the area
The South mainly invested in slavery and agriculture
The West was largely agricultural

26. Day 4 Wednesday

27. Social Reform
Economic differences were heightened by social reform movements
Northern reformers called for public education in order to assimilate immigrants
Southerners outlawed teaching African Americans to read and did not provide education even for white children

28. Political Controversies
Economic differences contributed to political controversies
National Bank
South & West- opposed because Northeasterners would have too much economic power
Protective Tariff
North- supported to protect industries from foreign competition
West- accepted in exchange for infrastructure and cheap land
South- opposed due to trade with Europe
The south also opposed infrastructure improvements in the west, but supported cheap land grants due to the expansion of slavery and cotton
The completion of the Erie Canal and the Transcontinental Railroad strengthened economic and political ties between the Northeast and Northwest

29. Political Controversies
Henry Clay’s American System threatened the economic and political interests of the South and added to the animosity between the regions
American System- a political alliance that traded western support for the tariff for northern support of internal improvements and cheap land
Different economic interests contributed to political differences over the extension of slavery into the west
Economic interests also caused controversy over the admission of Missouri, Texas, California, and Kansas as new states
Economic differences would eventually lead to secession and war

30. slides
Social and cultural characteristics of the North, the South, and the West during the antebellum period
Lives of African Americans
Social reform movements
Abolition
Women’s rights

31. North v. South
Social and cultural differences emerged first during the colonial period
Based on the cultures of the people who settled there
Economies that resulted from varying geography of the regions intensified the differences
Increased regional pride led to sectionalism
Settlement of the West worsened the tensions between the North and the South

32. Cultural Impacts in the North
Puritans in New England
Towns and cities grew around the church
Education programs were established to ensure church members could read the Bible
Education was expanded in the early 19th c. to assimilate the immigrants
Quakers in Pennsylvania
Large family farms relied on paid labor instead of slavery
Diverse populations in New York City
Immigrants were attracted to the jobs in growing industries
Most northern states had emancipated their slaves by 1840
Northerners supported political issues that promoted their regional interests
High tariffs and a national bank

33. Cultural Impacts in the South
Colonial beginnings
Large plantations produced a privileged class that dominated the government, society, and culture
Elitist Society
The wealthy educated their children privately
Public education was not provided for poor whites and teaching slaves to read or write was outlawed
Economy
Fewer large towns or commercial cities because navigable rivers brought ships close to the fields
Few jobs in industry and lack of available land meant less immigration
African Americans
The large slave population and significant number of free blacks contributed to the culture and social structure of the South
Southerners supported political issues that promoted their regional interests
Low tariffs and spread of slavery

34. Cultural Impacts in the West
Increased number of settlers
Settlers in the old Northwest reflected the values of New England
Southern states influenced the culture of Kentucky, Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas
Manifest Destiny
Strengthened the settlers since of strong individualism
Westerners supported political issues that promoted their regional interests
Cheap land and internal improvements

35. Day 5 Thursday

36. African Americans in the North
African Americans lived in all regions of the country
Most northern states had emancipated their slaves but some remained into the 1830s
Slavery was prohibited in the old Northwest Territory
Free blacks who lived in the North did not have the same rights as whites
African Americans were purposefully disenfranchised by law
De facto segregation was practiced throughout the North
De facto segregation- segregation based on tradition, not law

37. African Americans in the South
Most African Americans living in the South were slaves
The conditions of their lives depended on where they lived and their masters
Free blacks living in the South lived mostly in the cities and worked as artisans
Free blacks were not granted civil or political rights in the South

38. The Abolitionist Movement
The Great Awakening of the early 1800s contributed to the development of reform movements
The abolitionist movement first developed among Quakers
Abolitionists included African Americans (Nat Turner, Frederick Douglass, and Harriet Tubman) and whites (William Lloyd Garrison, the Grimke sisters, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and John Brown)
Different protests were used due to differing effectiveness and radicalness
Published newspapers
Organized anti-slavery conventions
Wrote books
Helped slaves escape on the Underground Railroad
Led rebellions

39. The Abolitionist Movement
Abolitionist tactics caused slave owners to justify their culture
Southerners argued that slavery was a ‘positive good’ because slaves were better off than industrial workers in the North
Most northerners were not abolitionists
Some abolitionists did not believe that freed slaves should have equal rights
The abolitionist movement split over using politics and the role of women in the movement
Abolition was not effective until the controversy over western expansion

40. Women’s Rights Movement
The women’s rights movement was active in the North and tied to the abolitionist movement
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848
Met after being denied participation in an abolitionist convention
Called for women’s rights
Women were considered second class citizens
Limited access to education
No right to own or control property
No right to obtain a divorce
The women’s rights movement was not successful in the antebellum period

41. From Homework
The slogan “Fifty-four Forty or Fight” was used to encourage the annexation of Oregon
To escape religious persecution in the East, Mormons traveled West to Utah
Erie Canal improved transportation and trade by connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean
Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts increased production in factories
Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin increased the amount of cotton produced in the South
Lewis and Clark explored the Oregon territory
Henry Clay’s American System was a compromise to help promote national goals
The Oregon , Santa Fe, and Mormon Trails were used to travel West