1. Revolutions in
Latin America
(19c - Early 20c)

2. European Empires: 1660’s

3. 16th c. - 18th c. New Ideas Brewing in Europe

4. Causes of Latin American Revolutions
Enlightenment Ideas  writings of John Locke, Voltaire, & Jean Rousseau; Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine.
Creole discontent at being left out of government jobs and trade concessions.
Inspiration of American and French Revolutions.
Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal in fighting the Napoleonic Wars.

5. 1. Enlightenment Ideas
Laws of nature [NATURAL LAWS] govern natural science and human society.
Give people rights  life, liberty, property!
Make fair societies based on reason.
Challenged the theory of “Divine Right” monarchy.

6. 2. Creole Discontent
Creole elites – born descendants of the Europeans who became permanent inhabitants of Latin America
Peninsulars – Spanish and Portuguese officials who resided temporarily in Latin America for political and economic gain and then returned to their mother countries
The Creole elites resented the Peninsulars who dominated Latin America and drained the Americas of their wealth

7. 3. Inspiration of American & French Revolutions
Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the Citizen, 1789
Declaration of Independence, 1776

8. 4. Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal In Fighting Napoleonic Wars
Napoleon overthrew the monarchies of Spain and Portugal – authority in their colonial empires was severely weakened.

9. Provides a model & a diversion! The force of Nationalism
Napoleon on the March
Provides a model & a diversion!
The force of Nationalism

10. Latin American Revolutions!

11. *Toussaint L’Ouveture (Too-San Loo-vur TOOR) leads a Revolution in Haiti (ends in 1804)
Slave rebellion in Haiti – leads to an Independent Haiti
More than 100,000 black slaves rose in revolt

12. Napoleon sent a French army to crush the rebellion in Haiti
Toussaint tricked into surrendering in 1802; he was shipped to France where he died a year later in a dungeon
French troops weakened by yellow fever; eventually fell to the rebel forces

13. *Simón Bolivar: The “Brains" of the Revolution
Creole leader of the revolutions in Venezuela.
Spent time in Europe and the newly-independent United States.
Won victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between , led to the independent state of Gran Colombia

14. *Jose de San Martin – Leader of movements United Republic of Rio de la Plata; leads to independence by 1816; later led independence movements in Chile and Peru
Argentine Republic –Replaced the state of Buenos Aires in 1862 as a result of a compromise between centralists and federalists

15. Simón Bolivar Meets José de San Martin

16. The “Muscle” of the Revolution Bolivar coming from the North.
José de St. Martín and Bernard O’Higgins cross the Andes Mountains (south).

17. Bolivar & San Martin Fight for Independence!

18. Bolivar’s Accomplishment
Gran Colombia – Existed as an independent state until 1830 when Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador became separate independent nations

19. Bolivar’s Failure
After uniting Venezuela, Columbia, & Ecuador into Gran Columbia, he left to help free the rest of Latin America.
He died a year later, with his goal of uniting all of South America unfulfilled!

20. Latin American States After the Revolutions
*Caudillos – Leaders in independent Latin America who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized the national government

22. The Colonial Class System
Creoles – Europeans - Born in the Americans
Peninsulares – Born in Spain or Portugal
Mestizos – Mixed – Native Indians - European
Mulattos – Mixed – Blacks - European
The great differences in status based on color – created outcaste and rebellions
Native Indians
Black Slaves

23. Mexican War of Independence
Mexican War of Independence ( ), was an armed conflict between the people of Mexico and Spanish colonial authorities, which started on September 16, The Mexican War of Independence movement was led by Mexican-born Spanish, and mestizos who sought independence from Spain. It started as an idealistic peasants' rebellion against their colonial masters, but finally ended as an unlikely alliance between liberales (liberals) and conservadores (conservatives).
Agustín de Iturbide, A favorite of the Mexican church hierarchy, Iturbide was the personification of conservative Creole values, devoutly religious, and committed to the defense of property rights and social privileges became the first emperor.

24. Miguel de Hidalgo – 1810 – a parish priest roused the Indians and Mestizos – revolted – after early victories he lost Creole support and was executed
September 16, the first day of the uprising, is Mexico’s Independence Day
Conservative Creoles under Augustin Iturbide (ee-toor-BEE-day) won independence, first emperor in Emperor Agustin
Mexico became a republic in 1824 –
“el Grito de Dolores” – The cry of Dolores – Mexicans to fight for independence and Liberty.

25. Results
of the
Latin American
Revolutions

26. 1. Brazil Freed from Portugal
**The Portuguese royal family escaped Napoleon by fleeing to Brazil.
Pedro I set up a new, independent kingdom in 1821 when his father returned to Portugal.
Pedro II assumed full power after Pedro I abdicated his throne.

27. 2. Independence for Spanish & Portuguese Latin America
By the mid-1820s, revolts create many newly-independent nations.
Toussaint L’Ouveture – Haiti
Bolívar, San Martín, & O’Higgins in: Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Peru, Bolivia, the United Provinces of Central America, and Gran Columbia!

28. 3. No Unity! Failure of Bolivar’s dream for a united South America:
Many newly independent countries struggle with civil wars.
By 1830s, geographic factors (mts., the Amazon, etc.) plus cultural differences defeated attempts at unification.
Gran Columbia.
United Provinces of Central America.

29. 4. Independence Brought More Poverty
The wars disrupted trade.
The wars devastated the cities and the countryside.

30. 5. Left Many Countries in the Control of Caudillos
WHO WERE THEY?:
Mid-19c dictators  military authoritarianism.
**Mostly wealthy creole aristocrats.
Immediately followed the fight for independence.
Posed as reformers with goals to improve the economy and better the lives of the common people.

31. 5. Left Many Countries in the Control of Caudillos
WHO WERE THEY?:
BUT…Overthrew governments and took away basic human rights.
Some attempted to make improvements, but most just cared about themselves and their families and friends [nepotism].
Power changes usually occurred at bayonet-point [coup d’etats!]

32. What is the Message?

33. Additional Problems Feuds among leaders. Geographic barriers.
The social hierarchy continued from the past.
Conservatives favored the old social order.
Liberals wanted land reform.
Dependence on foreign nations for capital and for economic investments.

34. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna – Mexican general who seized power after the collapse of the Mexican republic in 1835
Mexican-American War – ( ) – Devastating defeat for Mexican forces
**Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848) – Treaty between the United States and Mexico; Mexico lost one-half of its national territory (Mexico forced to sign)

35. Maximilian von Habsburg – Austrian archduke proclaimed emperor of Mexico as a result of French intervention in 1862 ; after the French withdrawal he was executed in 1867 by Juarez’s firing squad
Benito Juarez-Indian Lawyer who led a liberal revolution against Santa Anna; defeated by the French, who made Maximilian emperor; returned to power from
Porfirio Diaz –One of Juarez’s generals ; elected president of Mexico in 1876 and dominated polities for 35 years

36. Cause of the Mexican Revolution 1910?
Porfirio Diaz (dictatorial reign)– ruled Mexico form – conservative , centralize government with support of army, large landowners, Catholic Church
Real wages of workers declined
Liberal landowner – Francesco Madero led a series of strikes throughout the country. He forced Diaz from power and open the door to a wider revolution

37. Mexico Revolution –
Emiliano Zapata – aroused the masses of landless peasants and seized the estates of the wealthy landholders
– Revolution caused untold damages to the Mexican economy
The country broke into many different factions and guerilla units roamed the country
Eventually, Venusians Carranza rose to the presidency and organized a Constitution in 1917
During this time the dominate political Party PRI came to power.

38. Mexican Revolutionaries
Emiliano Zapata
Pancho Villa
Venustiano Carranza
Francisco I Madero
Porfirio Diaz

39. Emiliano Zapata
Poncho Villa – Indian lawyer and revolutionary worked with Zapata of bring reform to Mexico

40. Monroe Doctrine – United States declaration of 1823, which stated that any attempt by a European country to colonize the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act
Manifest Destiny –Belief that the United States was destined to rule from the Atlantic to the Pacific

41. Spanish-American War - 1898 – Cuba became U. S
Spanish-American War – Cuba became U.S. protectorate and Puerto Rico was annexed outright
In 1903 the US supported a rebellion to enable Panama to separate itself from Colombia
Between – American military forces were sent to Cuba, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, panama, Colombia, Haiti and the Dominican Republic

42. The Caribbean: An “American Lake”

43. “The Colossus of the North”
US dominated affairs in the Americas.
1823 – Monroe Doctrine.
US takes Texas and Mexican Cession.
US gains independence for Cuba.
Roosevelt Corollary – US will police the America.
US sent troops to Cuba, Haiti, Mexico, Honduras, Nicaragua.
US built Panama Canal – “Yankee imperialism.”

44. The Panama Canal
Panama Canal – The United States supported an independence movement in Panama, then part of Colombia, in return for the exclusive rights for a canal across the Panamanian isthmus

45. “Big Stick” Foreign Policy
Americans becomes the “Big Bully” from the North –
To protect American business interest - create “Banana Republics” in Central America

46. 1913: Economic Imperialism?