1. South Asia After Empire

2. Increasing Nationalism in India British had encouraged nationalism between the 2 religions to “divide and conquer” which made India easier to control. Split between Hindus and Muslims ◦ Major Hindu Organization—Indian National Congress ◦ Led by Gandhi ◦ Major Muslim Organization—Muslim League ◦ Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah

3. Reasons Why British Leave India 1. “Quit India” campaign during WW2— Gandhi demanded British leave India 2. WWII and Quit India campaign convinced British it would be too costly to keep India 3. The US put pressure on Britain to leave India

4. Partition of India: Causes 1. Fears that Muslim rights would not be respected or protected by the Hindu majority 2. Increasing nationalism led to violence between Hindus and Muslims 3. British believed partition would ensure stability for India after their withdrawal

7. Partition of India: Effects 1. Violence 2. Massive migration of people 3. Assassination of Gandhi 4. War and tension over the Kashmir See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8rmUiLwy7kI 5. Distrust 6. Creation of a new country (and later another one—Bangladesh) 7. See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQfruTuH4V g https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQfruTuH4V g

8. India after Independence Jawaharlal Nehru—1 st PM, then Indira Gandhi Problems: 1. Sikhs—militant separatist group clashed with the gov’t; Indira Gandhi was assassinated 2. Millions live in poverty in cities ◦ Mother Teresa—famous nun who worked among India’s poor

9. India after Independence Successes: 1. Used modern science and technology to improve industry & agriculture 2. Increasing economic growth 3. New businesses like IT and customer service

10. Pakistan after Independence Was not as successful as India Problems: ◦ 1. 1971—Civil War between East and West Pakistan—East Pakistan won its independence & now called Bangladesh ◦ 2. Ethnic and religious conflict ◦ 3. In 1999 Pervez Musharraf took power in a coup ◦ 4. 1998—tested a nuclear bomb; both India and Pakistan have nukes and tensions are high over the Kashmir.