1. Criminal Justice Today Twelfth Edition CHAPTER Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 12e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Search for Causes 3

2. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 12e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Chapter Agenda Summarize the development of criminological theory, including the role of social research in that development Describe the Classical School of criminology, including how it continues to influence criminological theorizing

3. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 12e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Chapter Agenda Explain how the mapping of human DNA has enhanced contemporary psychobiological understanding of criminal behavior Describe the fundamental assumptions of psychological explanations for crime and their shortcomings Describe the basic features of sociological theories of crime causation

4. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 12e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Chapter Agenda Describe social process theories of criminology, including the kinds of crime- control policies that might be based on them. Describe conflict theories of criminality, including the kinds of crime-control policies that might be based on them Summarize three emerging theories of criminology

5. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 12e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objective Summarize the development of criminological theory, including the role of social research in that development

6. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 12e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Introduction to Theory A set of interrelated ideas that attempt to describe, explain, predict & ultimately control some class of events Tested Fits the facts & stands up to scrutiny Deviance is a violation of social norms defining appropriate behavior under a particular set of circumstances

7. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 12e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Introduction to Theory Deviance  A violation of social norms defining appropriate behavior under a particular set of circumstances  Not necessarily criminal behavior Criminal behavior  Deviant behavior converted into law, approved by a legislative body, written down, and codified

8. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 12e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Four Major Categories of Theory 1.Classical 2.Biological 3.Psychological 4.Sociological

9. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 12e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objective Describe the Classical School of criminology, including how it continues to influence criminological theorizing

10. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 12e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Classical Theories People freely choose to engage in crime Focus is on the crime, not the criminal Grew out of the Enlightenment  Free will & reasonable punishments Concerned with why individuals committed crime, rather than whether or not the crime was committed

11. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 12e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objective Describe the basic features of biological theories of crime causation and their shortcomings

12. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 12e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Biological Theories Behavior is predetermined and genetically based  Criminality may be passed on from generation to generation Phrenology  Franz Joseph Gall  Cranioscopy

13. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 12e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Biological Theories Cesare Lombardo  Father of positivist theory  Atavistic traits  Application of scientific techniques to the study or crime and criminals

14. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 12e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objective Explain how the mapping of human DNA has enhanced contemporary psychobiological understanding of criminal behavior

15. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 12e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Psychobiological Theories The role of human DNA, environmental contaminants, nutrition, hormones, physical trauma (especially to the brain), and body chemistry in human cognition, feeling, and behavior

16. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 12e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Psychobiological Theories Chromosome Theory - XYY Syndrome  Connection between chromosome patterns and crime  Some males have an extra Y chromosome Supermales Biocriminology  Chemical imbalances  Hormones  Brain chemistry  Endocrine system

17. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 12e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objective Describe the fundamental assumptions of psychological explanations for crime and their shortcomings

18. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 12e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Psychological Theories Personality is the major motivational element within individuals Crimes result from:  Inappropriately conditioned behavior  Abnormal, dysfunctional, or inappropriate mental processes Diseased mind and inappropriate learning or improper conditioning, often occurring in early childhood

19. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 12e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Psychological Theories Psychoanalytic theory  Sigmund Freud Weak superego Sublimination A death instinct Behaviorism Observational learning Cognitive psychological theory Psychopathology

20. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 12e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objective Describe the basic features of sociological theories of crime causation

21. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 12e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Sociological Theories Social groups, social institutions, the arrangements of society, and social roles Development of crime  Group dynamics, group organization, and subgroup relationships  The structure of society and the relative degree of social organization or social disorganization are important factors contributing to the prevalence of criminal behavior

22. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 12e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objective Describe social process theories of criminology, including the kinds of crime-control policies that might be based on them

23. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 12e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Social Process Theories Differential association theory Restraint theory Labeling theory Life course perspective

24. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 12e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objective Describe conflict theories of criminality, including the kinds of crime-control policies that might be based on them

25. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 12e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Conflict Theories Radical criminology Peacemaking criminology Social policy and conflict theories

26. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 12e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objective Summarize three emerging theories of criminology

27. Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 12e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved New and Developing Theories Feminist criminology  Role of women in both crime causation and crime control might be better appreciated  Understanding women as crime victims Constructive criminology  Individuals shape their world while also being shaped by it Postmodern criminology