1. Biomechanics applies mechanics to biology physiological and medical applications are the main points in this course

2. Biomechanics ”Biomechanics is the science that examines forces acting upon and within a biological structure and effects produced by such forces.” B.M. Nigg

3. Historical background  Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519  Andreas Vesalius, 1514-1564  Galileo Galilei, 1564-1642  William Harvey, 1578-1658  René Descartes, 1596-1650  Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, 1608-1679  Robert Boyle, 1627-1691  Robert Hooke, 1635-1703  Isac Newton, 1642-1727  Leonard Euler, 1707-1783  Thomas Young, 1773-1829  Jean Poiseuille, 1797-1869  Adolf Fick, 1829-1901 ....

4. Leonardo da Vinci

6. Andreas Vesalius

7. Giovanni Alfonso Borelli

8. The way of solving a Biomechanical problem  How does the construction work mechanically ? 0. Description of the anatomy, the CAD-drawing. Kinematics Anatomy Limitations

9. 2. What about the loading ? Outer forces Equations of equilibrium (forces) Equations of equilibrium (moments)

10. 2. What about the loading? Internal forces Loading Bending Tension Compression Ligament Cartilage Bending Tension Compression

11. It is not obvious that the position follows unambiguous from the loading … ONLY PASSIVE ELEMENTS The position is given from the loading WITH ACTIVE ELEMENTS The position can be com- pletely different even if the loading is the same

12. 3. Constitutive relations Mechanical properties of the most important constituents of bone, muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilage etc. STRAIN STRESS COMPACT BONE (APATITE AND COLLAGEN TENDON (COLLAGEN) STRAIN