1. Organization of the Human Body
Chapter 1
Organization of the Human Body

2. Studies of the Human Body
Anatomy – The study of body structure
Physiology – The study of how the body functions
Pathology – The study of disease

3. Levels of Organization
All living things are organized from very simple levels to more complex levels
1- Living matter begins with simple chemicals
2- Chemicals form complex substances that create living cells – the basic units of all life
3- Specialized groups of cells form tissues
4- Tissues may function together as organs
5- Organs function together to form organ systems

4. Body Systems 1- Integumentary System (Skin)
Includes hair, nails, sweat & oil glands
2- Skeletal System
206 bones
Basic framework of the body
3- Muscular System
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

5. Body Systems cont., 4- Nervous System Brain & spinal cord
5- Endocrine System
Glands & hormones
6- Circulatory System
Heart & blood vessels
7- Respiratory System
Lungs
Takes in air & conducts it to areas designed for gas exchange

6. Body Systems cont2., 8 – Digestive System
Food intake & conversion into substances that body cells can use
9- Urinary/Excretory System
Kidneys, ureters, bladder & urethra
Rids the body of waste products & excess water
10- Reproductive System
- External sex organs & all related internal structures

7. Homeostasis – The steady state within
Examples:
Blood Pressure
Heart Rate
Temperature

8. Metabolism – Life sustaining reactions that go on within the body
Catabolism
Complex substances are broken down into simpler compounds
Anabolism
Building phase of metabolism
Simpler compounds are used to manufacture materials needed for growth, function & repair of tissues

9. Body Directions Anatomic Position
Upright with face front, arms at sides with palms forward & feet parallel

10. Directional Terms Superior – Above Inferior – Below
Ventral (Anterior) – Toward the front
Dorsal (Posterior) – Near the back
Cranial – Near the head
Caudal – Near the sacral region
Medial – Towards the center of the body
Lateral – Away from the center or mid-line
Proximal – Nearer to
Distal – Further away

11. Planes of Division 1- Sagittal Plane
Separates the body into right & left planes
2- Frontal Plane (Coronal)
Separates the body into front (anterior) & rear (posterior) planes
3- Transverse Plane (Horizontal)
Separates the body into upper & lower portions
** These planes help us to visualize spatial relations of various body structures to each other

12. Body Cavities Two main cavities:
1- Dorsal – contains Cranial & Spinal Cavities
2- Ventral – contains 2 main regions separated by the diaphragm muscle
Thoracic Cavity:
contains: heart & lungs
B) Abdomino-Pelvic Cavity:
- contains: stomach, intestines, kidneys, liver, gall bladder, pancreas & spleen

13. Metric System Kilo – 1000 Centi – 1/100 Milli – 1/1000
Micro – 1/1,000,000

14. Units of Length Basic unit of length is the Meter
One Kilometer = 1000 Meters
One Centimeter = 1/100 of a Meter
One Hundred Centimeters = 1 Meter

15. ** Drug doses are usually stated in Grams or Milligrams
Units of Weight
Basic unit is the Gram
One kilogram = 2.2 Pounds
** Drug doses are usually stated in Grams or Milligrams

16. Unit of Volume Unit of Temperature Basic unit of volume is the Liter
Basic unit of temperature is Celsius