1. Essential knowledge 1.A.4:
Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics.

2. Scientific evidence of biological evolution uses information from geographical, geological, physical, chemical and mathematical applications.

3. Geographical Evidences
It seems as though major isolated land areas and island groups often evolved their own distinct plant and animal communities.  For example, before humans evolved, Australia contained more than 100 species of kangaroos, koalas, and other marsupials but none of the more advanced terrestrial  placental mammals  such as dogs, bears and horses. 
     Land mammals were  absent from the more isolated islands.  Each of these isolated land areas and islands had a great # of plant, insect, and bird species that lived only in that region of land.  The  explanation for this existence of Australia's, Hawaii's and other islands and lands, mostly unique biotic environments is that the life forms in these areas had been evolving in isolation from the rest of the world for millions of years.  

4. Evolution evidence: Biogeography https://www. youtube. com/watch
Geographical distribution of species
Examples: Islands vs. Mainland Australia Continents

5. Evolution evidence: The Fossil Record
Succession of forms over time
Transitional links
Vertebrate descent

7. Dating Fossils
Relative Dating - only determines the sequential order in which a series of events occurred
Absolute Dating – Radioactive isotopes decay in predictable rates. Half-life – Amount of time it take for half of the radioactive isotopes to break down.

8. Law of Superposition

9. Half-Life Practice Problem
You are an archaeologist and you have discovered the remains of an ancient civilization. In one of the human bones that you find, you determine that of the original 60.6 grams of carbon-14 present in the bone, only 15.2 grams remain. Knowing that the half-life of carbon-14 is about 5730 years, what do you determine is the age of the bone ?

10. You think your smart, now try these…
What is the half-life of a g sample of nitrogen-16 that decays to 12.5 g of nitrogen-16 in 21.6 s?
All isotopes of technetium are radioactive, but they have widely varying half-lives. If an g sample of technetium-99 decays to g of technetium-99 in y, what is its half-life?
A 208 g sample of sodium-24 decays to 13.0 g of sodium-24 within 60.0 h. What is the half-life of this radioactive isotope?

11. Evolution evidence: Comparative Anatomy
Homologous structures (homology)
Descent from a common ancestor
Vestigial organs Ex: whale/snake hindlimbs; wings on flightless birds

12. Evolution evidence: Comparative Embryology
Pharyngeal pouches, ‘tails’ as embryos

13. Evolution evidence: Molecular Biology
Similarities in DNA, proteins, genes, and gene products
Common genetic code

14. Biological Resistance

15. Antibiotic Resistance

16. Transformational Fossils

17. Final words…...
“Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.”

18. Essential knowledge 1.B.1:
Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today.

19. Structural and functional evidence supports the relatedness of all domains
Can you think of any evidences that support the claim that all living things are related?

20. Evidence #1: Major features of the genetic code are shared by all modern living systems

21. Evidence #2 DNA and RNA are carriers of genetic information through transcription, translation and replication.

22. Evidence #3: Metabolic pathways are conserved across all currently recognized domains.
Scientific study to support the claim. Have student read the article and discuss in class. Abstract is on the following slide
A second article supporting evidence #3

23. The Phylogenetic Extent of Metabolic Enzymes and Pathways José Manuel Peregrin-Alvarez, Sophia Tsoka, and Christos A. Ouzounis1 Computational Genomics Group, The European Bioinformatics Institute, EMBL Cambridge Outstation, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
Abstract
The evolution of metabolic enzymes and pathways has been a subject of intense study for more than half a century. Yet, so far, previous studies have focused on a small number of enzyme families or biochemical pathways. Here, we examine the phylogenetic distribution of the full-known metabolic complement of Escherichia coli, using sequence comparison against taxa-specific databases. Half of the metabolic enzymes have homologs in all domains of life, representing families involved in some of the most fundamental cellular processes. We thus show for the first time and in a comprehensive way that metabolism is conserved at the enzyme level. In addition, our analysis suggests that despite the sequence conservation and the extensive phylogenetic distribution of metabolic enzymes, their groupings into biochemical pathways are much more variable than previously thought.

24. Structural evidence supports the relatedness of all eukaryotes.
How similar are you to a banana?
Answer: Very closely related

25. Example 1: Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity and organelle transport)

26. Example 2: Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts)

27. Example 3: Linear chromosomes

28. Example 4: Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope