1. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations1 CP Chemistry Unit One: Measurement & Calculations (Chapter 5)

2. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations2 Table of Contents Branches of Science Branches of Science Branches Chemistry Related Careers Chemistry Related CareersCareers The Metric System The Metric SystemMetric Significant Figures (sig figs) Significant Figures (sig figs)sig figssig figs Scientific Notation Scientific NotationNotation Powers of Ten Powers of Ten Powers of Ten Powers of Ten

3. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations3 Branches of Science Life Sciences … the study of living organisms Life Sciences … the study of living organisms Physical Sciences … the study of nonliving things Physical Sciences … the study of nonliving things

4. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations4 Biological Sciences The study of life (living things). The study of life (living things). Characteristics of life: Characteristics of life: composed of a cell(s) composed of a cell(s) grows grows reproduces reproduces uses energy uses energy responds to its environment responds to its environment

5. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations5 Physical Sciences Earth / Space Science … Geology (rocks, minerals, volcanoes, etc) Astronomy (sun, planets, solar system, etc) Physics … Topics: motion, forces, electricity, waves, etc Chemistry … the study of matter and its changes

6. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations6 What is Matter? Matter is most everything! Matter is most everything! Examples: protons, stars, air, you Examples: protons, stars, air, you Matter is anything with Matter is anything with mass … the amount of stuff present mass … the amount of stuff present inertia … resistance to change inertia … resistance to change

7. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations7 Chemistry Related Careers Pure Sciences Pure Sciences Astronomer Astronomer Biologist Biologist Chemist Chemist Geologist Geologist Meteorologist Meteorologist Oceanographer Oceanographer Physicist Physicist

8. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations8 Chemistry Related Careers Agriculture Agriculture Agronomist Agronomist Forester Forester Horticulturist Horticulturist Wood scientist Wood scientist

9. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations9 Chemistry Related Careers Engineering Fields Engineering Fields Biomedical Biomedical Ceramic Ceramic Chemical Chemical Environmental Environmental Metallurigical Metallurigical Nuclear Nuclear Petroleum Petroleum

10. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations10 Chemistry Related Careers Health Sciences Health Sciences Dentist Dentist Dietician Dietician Medical technologist Medical technologist Physical therapist Physical therapist Pharmacologist Pharmacologist Pharmacist Pharmacist Physician Physician Veterinarian Veterinarian

11. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations11 Chemistry Related Careers Technical Fields Technical Fields Drafter Drafter Surveyor Surveyor Machinist Machinist Media technician Media technician Photoengraver Photoengraver Photographer Photographer

12. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations12 Chemistry Related Careers Chemistry Fields Chemistry Fields Analytical Analytical Biological Biological Inorganic Inorganic Organic Organic Physical Physical

13. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations13 But why does a __________ need to know Chemistry? Because … Chemistry is all around you! Curiosity Understanding for application Communication

14. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations14 Look around you!!! The results of Chemistry touch almost everything!

15. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations15 The Metric System PA Standards 1. Apply and analyze scale as a way of relating concepts and ideas to one another by some measure. [3.1.10/12.D] 2. Apply process knowledge and organize scientific and technological phenomena in varied ways. [3.2.10 B] 3. Apply and evaluate appropriate instruments and apparatus to examine a variety of objects and processes. [3.7.10/12.B]

16. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations16 The Metric System Types of Observations Qualitative (qualities) Qualitative (qualities) Examples: color, texture, phase Quantative (quantities) Quantative (quantities) Examples: mass, volume, diameter

17. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations17 The Metric System Systems of Measurement English System Examples: quart, mile, ounce Metric System (abbreviated as SI) Examples: gram, meter, liter

18. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations18 The Metric System Advantages of Each System English System known/familiar Metric System (abbreviated as SI) based on powers of ten, widely used

19. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations19 The Metric System Base Units in Metric System Physical Quantity Name of Unit Abbreviation Masskilogramkg Lengthmeterm Timeseconds TemperaturekelvinK

20. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations20 The Metric System Metric Prefixes PrefixSymbolMeaning megaM1,000,000 kilok1,000 decid 0.1 (1/10) centic 0.01 (1/100) millim 0.001 (1/1000) microμ 0.000001 (1/1,000,000) nanoN 0.000000001 (1/1,000,000,000)

21. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations21 Metric Prefixes Metric Prefixes (consider length) UnitSymbol Meter Equivalent kilometerkm 1000 m meterm 1 m decimeterdm 0.1 m (1/10 m) centimetercm 0.01 m (1/100 m) millimetermm 0.001 m (1/1000 m) micrometer μmμmμmμm 0.000001 m nanometernm 0.000000001 m

22. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations22 Metric Prefixes (most common) The Staircase Diagram for Length meter km dm cm mm = 1000 m 1 meter =10 dm =100 cm =1000 mm

23. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations23 Metric Prefixes The prefixes can be used with any metric base unit. Complete the chart! The prefixes can be used with any metric base unit. Complete the chart! Base Unit kilodecicentimilli meterkmdmcmmm liter (L) ???? gram (g) ???? seconds (s) ????

24. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations24 Metric Prefixes Converting between metric units using the Staircase Diagram meter/liter/gram kilo deci centi milli Examples: 25 m = _____ mm0.075 L = _____ kL 48 mg = _____ kg250 mL = _____ dL

25. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations25 Scientific Notation Chemists work with … very large numbers … 602000000000000000000000 atoms in 12 g of carbon very small numbers … 0.000 000 002 814 cm the distance between atoms in salt

26. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations26 Scientific Notation More examples … small numbers More examples … small numbers 0.056 = 5.6 X.01 = 5.6 X 10 -2 0.056 = 5.6 X.01 = 5.6 X 10 -2 0.000 12 = 1.2 X 0.0001 = 1.2 X 10 -4 0.000 12 = 1.2 X 0.0001 = 1.2 X 10 -4 0.0084 = ??? 0.0084 = ???

27. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations27 Scientific Notation Some examples … Some examples … 175 = 1.75 X 100 = 1.75 X 10 2 175 = 1.75 X 100 = 1.75 X 10 2 2500 = 2.5 X 1000 = 2.5 X 10 3 2500 = 2.5 X 1000 = 2.5 X 10 3 93,000,000 (miles to the sun) 93,000,000 (miles to the sun) 9.3 X 1,000,000 = 9.3 X 10 7 602000000000000000000000 = 602000000000000000000000 = 6.02 X 10 ?

28. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations28 Scientific Notation Scientific notation is a method for making very large or very small numbers more compact and easier to write! Scientific notation expresses a number as a product of a number between 1 & 10 and the appropriate power of 10.

29. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations29 Significant Figures Measurements In every measurement there is always a degree of uncertainty! All measurements depend upon the measuring instrument being used!

30. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations30 Significant Figures Two measurement related terms … Accuracy: agreement with a standard Precision: agreement with other values

31. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations31 Significant Figures What do each of these targets show regarding accuracy & precision? What do each of these targets show regarding accuracy & precision? What would a target look like that is both accurate & precise? What would a target look like that is both accurate & precise?

32. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations32 Significant Figures Whenever you record a measurement always include all numbers you know for certain and one more estimated digit! Whenever you record a measurement always include all numbers you know for certain and one more estimated digit! How long is this arrow? How long is this arrow? | | | | | | | | | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

33. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations33 Significant Figures How wide is this box? Decimeter Stick 1 2 Centimeter Stick 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

34. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations34 Significant Figures 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

35. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations35 Significant Figures All the numbers recorded in a measurement, all certain numbers and the one estimated number, are called significant! What digits are known? 55.815 or 76.1 Which is an estimate? What is the uncertainty of each number?

36. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations36 Significant Figures Rules for Significant Figures 1. Exact numbers are significant! Found by counting: 5 apples, 12 students Given by definition: 12 inches, 5,280 feet 2. All nonzero digits are significant! Example: 1234.56 or 32

37. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations37 Significant Figures 3. Captive zeros are significant! Example: 22.05 or 100.05 4. Leading zeros are not significant! They are placeholders! are placeholders! Example: 0.25 or 0.0035 5. Trailing zeros are significant if a decimal point is present! point is present! Example: 500 or 500.

38. CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations38 Significant Figures How many sig figs do each of the following numbers contain? 0.00101101.05,200.005 1,050.1.58640.06 20002000.010,000 0.0235,280 feet/mile