1. Greening Your Church and School: Energy and Climate Change What you can do in your Parish, School, and also in your home to provide a secure, sustainable, low carbon future for our children to inherit? But what of our future in 10 years? 1 Keith Tovey ( 杜伟贤 ) Н.К.Тови M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv Energy Science Director: Low Carbon Innovation Centre School of Environmental Sciences, UEA. Lay Chair: Norwich East Deanery Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal

2. For the average family where are the largest uses of energy? Which activities in our lives cause the greatest emission of carbon dioxide? What should we do first? Will we save money? Greening Your Church and School and Home: Energy and Climate Change 2

3. 3 How many people know what 9 tonnes of CO 2 looks like? 5 hot air balloons per person per year. On average each person in UK causes the emission of 9 tonnes of CO 2 each year. "Nobody made a greater mistake than he who did nothing because he thought he could do only a little." Edmund Burke (1727 – 1797) 10 gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume of 1 party balloon.

4. 2 family cars small petrol ~ 10000 miles medium diesel ~ 12000 miles Medium size Detached House Gas central heating Cavity Insulation Double Glazing 100mm Loft Insulation Ordinary (non-condensing) boiler 1 holiday to Mallorca for family of 4 Greening Your Church and School and Home: Energy and Climate Change 4

5. Carbon Emissions in Norfolk

6. 6 The Behavioural Dimension Social Attitudes towards energy consumption have a profound effect on actual consumption Data collected from 114 houses in Norwich For a given size of household electricity consumption for appliances [NOT HEATING or HOT WATER] can vary by as much as 9 times. When income levels are accounted for, variation is still 6 times

7. 7 Electricity Statistics: Each house in Norwich consumes, 3727 kWh per year. Broadland 5057 kWh Breckland 5612 kWh North Norfolk 5668 kWh South Norfolk 5797 kWh Kings Lynn and 5908 kWh Great 5144 kWh West Norfolk Yarmouth A wind farm the size of Scroby Sands can supply twice domestic demand of Norwich or 66% on average. (or 22% of total demand) Saves ~ 70 000 to 75 000 tonnes of carbon dioxide a year or 40 000 hot air balloons each year. The alternatives: Persuade 30 000 motorists never to drive the car again Or 300 000 motorists to drive 1000 miles less each year. Norwich 3727 kWh per year N K Tovey - 2007 – 2008 3000 kWh 2008 – 2009 2150 kWh

8. Energy use in your Church/ School/Home and our moral responsibilities Monitoring your use of energy. Do you know where the meter(s) is (are)? Do you know how to read them? Do you check that your energy company is charging you for the correct amount of energy? Can you identify areas where you can cut carbon emissions and save money at the same time. The Hard Choices affecting us Not only Climate Change But also Energy Security We need to be acting now 8

9. Case 1 Add extra 200mm Loft insulation Saving 2.4% Fit condensing boiler – no change of Loft Insulation saves 20.1% 9

10. 10 Social Awareness of Occupational Impact on Climate Change

11. 6172. 42 Meters such as this have a label ft 3 and they actually measure in hundreds of cubic feet. The reading here is 6172.42 hundreds of cubic feet If previous reading was 6160.31 A total of 12.11 hundreds of cubic feet have been consumed. To work out how must energy has been used in kWh multiply figure by 31.86 = 385.8 kWh Measuring your gas consumption. Note: some gas meters read in hundreds of cubic feet, others in cubic meters. If the meter reads in cubic metres (m 3 ) then multiply by 11.25 instead 11

12. How much Energy does your church use? St Paul’s Church, Tuckswood began taking weekly energy readings in mid July 2009 Gas is used for heating only Meter readings showed that consistently gas was being consumed (~180 kWh per week) costing over £9 each week even though the heating was off. No data 3 heaters like this are used to heat church constant consumption rate of ~ 180 kWh per week ~ £10 per week ~35 kg CO2 Pilot lights off 12

13. How much Energy does your church use? St Paul’s Church, Tuckswood What about turning off Pilot Lights in mid May and back on in mid September? Saving would be ~£160 per year, 3100 kWh of gas 600 kg CO 2 3 heaters like this are used to heat church Saving is potentially greater Pilot lights were all kept off until 4 th October. Only one pilot light was turned back on that date Other heaters will be kept off until needed One heater now comes on at 08:00 on Sunday to warm up church 13

14. No data Pilot Lights on only on 3 heaters – additional cost £9 per week Pilot lights off Pilot Lights turned off during week Greening Your Church and School and Home: Energy and Climate Change One heater only on Weekly Energy Data from St Paul’s Church Tuckswood 14

15. Data from St Pauls Since Pilot has been back on 60% of gas consumption has been just for pilot light. 40% for actual heating of Church. Proportion likely to get better towards mid winter But experiment. Keep only one pilot on, but advance preheating on time switch. Church Wardens turn on other heaters only if needed when they arrive 30mins before service. Could save much more – may be as much as £250 a year Greening Your Church and School and Home: Energy and Climate Change 15

16. How much Energy is there in different fuels? How much Greening Your Church and School and Home: Energy and Climate Change MegaJoulesYogurtskWh Yogurt85000 calories (85kcal) 0.36510.1 1 cubic meter gas39.6106.810.8 1 litre petrol32.990.19.1 1 litre diesel35.797.89.9 1 litre LPG25.068.67.0 1 litre heating oil35.396.69.8 16

17. Greening Your Church and School and Home: Energy and Climate Change How much CO 2 is given of by different fuels ? MJkg CO 2 CO 2 to provide 1 kWh of useful heat Gas39.6 MJ/m 3 2.035 kg/m 3 0.21 – 0.26 kg Petrol32.9 MJ/litre2.315 kg/litre Diesel35.7 MJ/litre2.630 kg/litre LPG25.0 MJ/litre1.495 kg/litre0.24 - 0.31 kg Heating oil35.3 MJ/litre2.518 kg/litre0.27 – 0.35 kg Electricity0.54 kg Electricity (Heat Pump)0.12 – 0.18 kg Figures in RED assume heating is provided by condensing appliances A litre of diesel has 8.6% more energy than 1 litre of petrol How far does one have to drive in a small family car to emit as much CO 2 as heating and old persons room for 1 hour? 1.6 miles 17

18. It is not just Climate Change affecting others Energy Security issues will affect us in UK in next 10 years. Our responsibility for future generations AND our OWN FUTURE

19. 19 Our Choices: They are difficult: Energy Security Import Gap

20. There is a looming capacity shortfall Even with a deployment of renewables. A 10% reduction in demand per house will see a rise of 7% in total demand - Increased population decreased household size Our Choices: They are difficult: Energy Security

21. 21 Do we want to exploit available renewables i.e onshore/offshore wind and biomass? Some People say NO! Our Choices: They are difficult Swaffham Scroby Sands Thetford Uk’s first Advanced Gasifier Combined Heat and Power Plant UEA To provide 5% of UK’s Electricity would need to cover whole of Norfolk and Suffolk with energy crops

22. 22 Do we want to exploit available renewables i.e onshore/offshore wind and biomass? Hydro potential in UK is limited Photovoltaics, much more expensive than wind/ biomass AND has a much higher embedded carbon than wind, nuclear, etc. Our Choices: They are difficult Small scale hydro – Itteringham Mill 34 kW array - ZICER Building UEA Provides electricity for about 5 houses - Cost £500 000

23. 23 Do we want to exploit available renewables i.e onshore/offshore wind and biomass? Wave power and tidal stream are technically limited and are not options for next 10 years except as small scale demonstration. Our Choices: They are difficult Pelamis Wave Power – Orkney half output of Swaffham Experimental Tidal Stream Devices Limpet Wave Power, Islay

24. 24 Do we want to exploit available renewables i.e onshore/offshore wind and biomass? Tidal Barrages could provide ~10% of UK’s electricity needs, but there are many opponents and would not provide energy until at least 2020 Our Choices: They are difficult Churchill Barriers, Orkney could provide equivalent of 40% of Sizewell B, but people are opposed to power lines through Scotland. Beauly-Denny controversy

25. 25 Do we want to exploit available renewables i.e onshore/offshore wind and biomass?. Photovoltaics, tidal, wave are not options for next 20 years. If our answer is NO Do we want to see a renewal of nuclear power ? Are we happy on this and the other attendant risks? If our answer is NO Do we want to return to using coal? then carbon dioxide emissions will rise significantly unless we can develop carbon sequestration within 10 years UNLIKELY If our answer to coal is NO Do we want to leave things are they are and see continued exploitation of gas for both heating and electricity generation? >>>>>> Our Choices: They are difficult

26. 26 Our Choices: They are difficult If our answer is YES By 2020 we will be dependent on GAS for around 70% of our heating and electricity imported from countries like Russia, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Algeria Are we happy with this prospect? >>>>>> If not: We need even more substantial cuts in energy use. Or are we prepared to sacrifice our future to effects of Global Warming? - the North Norfolk Coal Field? Aylsham Colliery, North Walsham Pit?? Do we wish to reconsider our stance on renewables? Inaction or delays in decision making will lead us down the GAS option route and all the attendant Security issues that raises. Through inaction and a coherent energy policy the UK Government is taking us down the Gas Route.

27. UEA is leading the Way 19902006Change since 1990 Expected 2010 Change since 1990 Students557014047+152%16000+187% Floor Area (m 2 )138000207000+50%220000+159% CO 2 (tonnes)1942021652+11%14000-28% CO 2 kg/m 2 140.7104.6-25.7%63.6-54.8% CO 2 kg/student34901541-55.8%875-74.9% Photo-Voltaics Advanced Biomass CHP using Gasification Efficient CHP Low Energy Buildings Absorption Chilling

28. 28 1.33 billion people 0.94 billion people Raw materials 1.03 billion people Products : 478 Mtonnes CO 2 increase (2002-05) Aid & Education The Unbalanced Triangular Trade Each person in Developed Countries has been responsible for an extra 463 kg of CO 2 emissions in goods imported from China in just 3 years (2002 – 2005)

29. 29 WEBSITE www.cred-uk.org This presentation will be on WEB from this evening >follow Academic Resources Link Need to act now otherwise we might have to make choice of whether we drive 1.6 miles or heat an old person ’ s room And Finally Are you up to the Challenge?: Will you make a pledge? Lao Tzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher 老子 （ 604-531BC ）中国古代思想家、哲学家 “If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading.” （直译）： “ 如果你不改变，你将止步于原 地。 ”

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33. 33 Involve the local Community -The BroadSol Project Annual Solar Gain 910 kWh Solar Collectors installed 27th January 2004 Members of community agreed to purchase Solar Panels at same time. Significantly reduced costs

34. 1st2nd3rd4th5th6th7th8th9th10th11th12th Eastern 39.739.839.639.5 39.639.7 39.639.1 39.6 East Midlands 39.739.939.639.7 39.6 39.739.8 39.7 Northern 40.340.440.540.4 40.3 40.4 40.5 North East 40.240.340.440.540.340.4 40.3 38.3 North Thames 39.539.4 39.339.539.739.5 39.3 North West 39.9 40.140.240.340.2 39.54039.8 40.1 Scotland 40.140.340.140 39.940.14040.140.2 40 South East 39.439.639.239.539.439.639.5 39.2 39.3 Southern 39.3 39.1 39.239.439.2 39.1 South West 3939.139.2 West Midlands 39.6 39.7 39.439.539.239.639.5 Wales North 4039.940.140.240.140.24040.240.139.8 40 Wales South 3939.139.2 How much Energy is in a cubic meter of gas? Daily variation in Calorific Value of Gas in early October 2009 MJ/cubic metre The calorific value does vary on a daily basis See http://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/ukgasdata/services/calval/calval.asphttp://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/ukgasdata/services/calval/calval.asp Unfortunately volume of gas varies depending on temperature and a correction factor is applied which is typically around 1.02 – but see your bill for details So total energy content of 1 cubic metre of gas at appliance = 40.505 MJ/m 3 1.02264 34