1. Political Science and International Relations
Development, mission, structures
and activities of the EU in the area of security
Operační program Vzdělávání pro konkurenceschopnost Název projektu: Inovace magisterského studijního programu Fakulty ekonomiky a managementu
Registrační číslo projektu: CZ.1.07/2.2.00/

2. Aim of the presentation
To introduce basic facts and genesis of the European military and security cooperation
To outline main trends of security and military integration within the EU
To provide basic information about the structures and activities tied with the European Security and Defence Policy

3. Beginning of the military cooperation
Reasons for postwar military-political cooperation:
Fears of Germany (Dunkerque agreement, 1947)
Fears of expansion of the Soviet Union
Strengthening position on the continent (France)
Cooperation in stabilization of post-war Europe

4. Brusels Treaty Established: Reasons: Members:
17th March 1948
Reasons:
Concerns about the expansion of the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union (Finland, Czechoslovakia)
Members:
The UK, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg
There is a loose military organization of Western European countries, which mission is to provide mutual assistance in case of attack

5. Brussels Treaty Article V. of the Brussels Treaty:
If any of the High Contracting Parties should be the object of an armed attack in Europe, the other High Contracting Parties will, in accordance with the provisions of Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, afford the Party so attacked all military and other aid and assistance in their power.

6. European Defence Community
Established:
, however failed - not ratified by France
Reasons:
Changing of the security climate and the high risk of conventional conflict in Europe
Members:
The UK, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany, Italy
Mission:
Mutual assistance in the event of an attack and controlled remilitarisation of Germany
Idea of European (multinational) armed forces

7. Western European Union–
Reasons:
Substitute for the aborted project of the European Defence Community
Members:
The UK, France, Low countries, Germany, Italy
Mission:
Mutual assistance in the event of an attack and controlled remilitarisation of Germany
Organizations with limited capacity to act - completely in the shadow of NATO
By the end of the 80s almost stagnant and formal political organization

8. Changes after the end of the Cold War
Western European Union:
Partial activation and launching limited missions abroad (Persian Gulf, Yugoslavia)
European Union:
Maastricht Treaty (1990,1993) – definition of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)
Objectives:
Safeguard the common values, fundamental interests, independence and integrity of the EU - strengthen the security of the Union in all ways;
Preserve peace and strengthen international security;
Promote international co-operation, develop and consolidate democracy and the rule of law, and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

9. CFSP
Reasons:
The growing power of the EU as an actor in international politics
The inability of a joint EU action even in very close area (Yugoslavia)
The emancipation on the US after the end of the Cold War
Seaking the mutual position of NATO, WEU and the EU

10. Petersberg tasks WEU missions formulated in Petersberg (1992):
Humanitarian and rescue tasks
Peacekeeping tasks
Tasks of combat forces in crisis management, including peacemaking
Petersberg tasks are complementary to the mission of NATO
The gradual acceptance of the WEU mission and structures by the European Union

11. Petersberg tasks - examples
Sharp Guard
Danube Operation
police contingent in Mostar
PM Albania
Demining Assistance Mission to Croatia

12. Acceleration of CFSP and ESDP
Amsterodam Treaty
Saint Malo
Decisions on the need to promote military capabilities
Javier Solana - European Union's High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy
European Headline Goal (Helsinki)
Civil Protection and Crisis Management in the European Union

13. Acceleration of CFSP and ESDP
first EU external police and military missions (EU PM BiH, Concordia, Artemis)
European security strategy adopted
Headline Goal 2010 adopted
European Defence Agency was founded
the Concept of EU Battlegroups approved

14. European Headline Goal (2003)
The European Union pledged itself during the Helsinki summit to be able to deploy rapidly and then sustain forces capable of the full range of Petersberg tasks (as set out in the Amsterdam Treaty), including the most demanding, in operations up to corps level (up to 15 brigades or 50,000-60,000 persons) to be capable of intervening in any crisis that could occur in an area where European interests are affected.
The aim was to make those forces self-reliant, deployable within 60 days and over 4,000 km, and sustainable in the field for a year. This means the force would actually have to number around 180,000 troops so as to provide rotating replacements for the initial forces.

15. European Capability Action Plan - ECAP
During the December 2001 Laeken summit, the EU launched the European Capabilities Action Plan (ECAP) to remedy European capability shortfalls
It involved initially some 20 panels composed of military experts from the member states which put forward plans and proposals to fill the identified shortfalls (e.g., by acquiring new equipment or optimising existing capabilities, in particular through cooperation at European level)

17. European Defence Agency
The European Defence Agency (EDA) is an agency of the European Union (EU) based in Brussels, Belgium
Set up on 12 July 2004, it is a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) body reporting to the Council of the European Union
Its primary role is to foster European defence cooperation

18. EU Battlegroups
An EU Battlegroup (EUBG) is a military unit adhering to the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) of the European Union (EU)
Often based on contributions from a coalition of member states, each of the eighteen Battlegroups consists of a battalion-sized force (1,500 troops) reinforced with combat support elements
The groups rotate actively, so that two are ready for deployment at all times - the forces are under the direct control of the Council of the European Union
The Battlegroups reached full operational capacity on 1 January , although, as of January 2014 they were not deployed yet
They are based on existing ad hoc missions that the European Union (EU) has undertaken and has been described by some as a new "standing army" for Europe

19. CFSP and ESDP bodies PSC EUMC
The Political and Security Committee, PSC (sometimes referred to by its French COPS acronym derived from Comité politique et de sécurité) is a permanent body within the European Union dealing with Common Foreign and Security Policy issues, including Common Security and Defence Policy
EUMC
The European Union Military Committee (EUMC) is a department of military officials under the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and the Political and Security Committee (PSC) of the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy. The EUMC gives military advice to the PSC and the High Representative. It also oversees the European Union Military Staff

20. CFSP and ESDP bodies EUMS
The European Union Military Staff (EUMS) is a department of the European Union (EU), responsible for supervising operations within the realm of the Common Security and Defence Policy
It is directly attached to the private office of the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, currently Catherine Ashton, and is formally part of the European External Action Service

21. The most important missions of the EU
EUPM ( )
Concordia ( )
Artemis (2003)
Althea (2004-)
EUPOL COPPS (2006-)
EUPOL Afghanistan (2007-)
EULEX Kosovo (2008-)
EUFOR Tchad/RCA ( )
EUMM Georgia (2008-)
EUNAVFOR Atalanta (2008-), etc.

23. European Union and NATO
NATO remains (so far) the primary cornerstone of the collective defence in Europe
EU fulfills complementary tasks of the NATO mission only
In 1998, at the NATO summit, Albright articulated what would become known as the „three Ds" of NATO, "which is no diminution of NATO, no discrimination and no duplication—because I think that we don't need any of those three "Ds" to happen.“
The Berlin Plus agreement - a comprehensive package of agreements made between NATO and the EU on 16 December
These agreements were based on conclusions of NATO's Washington summit, sometimes referred to as the CJTF mechanism, and allowed the EU to draw on some of NATO's military assets in its own peacekeeping operations

24. Catherine Ashton
Herman Van Rompuy

25. Lisbon Treaty Article 42, chapter 2: Article 42, chapter 7:
The common security and defence policy shall include the progressive framing of a common Union defence policy. This will lead to a common defence, when the European Council, acting unanimously, so decides. It shall in that case recommend to the Member States the adoption of such a decision in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements.
Article 42, chapter 7:
If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its territory, the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power, in accordance with Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. This shall not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of certain Member States.

26. Political Science and International Relations
Development, mission, structures
and activities of the EU in the area of security
Operační program Vzdělávání pro konkurenceschopnost Název projektu: Inovace magisterského studijního programu Fakulty ekonomiky a managementu
Registrační číslo projektu: CZ.1.07/2.2.00/