2. Models of Urban Places
Gideon Sjoberg explained the stages of urban development in The Preindustrial City: Past and Present (1960)
Sjoberg said that all cities were a product of their societies and went through stages:
Folk-preliterate
Feudal
Preindustrial
Urban-industrial

3. Primate Cities
Gideon Sjoberg was also the first to study the primate city.
A nation’s leading city in size that serves as an expression of national culture.
Not necessarily large
Dominated by religious and govt. buildings
Spacious with wealth near the center
Less privileged near the edge or outside wall
The leading city of a country. The city is disproportionately larger than the rest of the cities in the country.
For example: London, UK
Mexico City, Mexico
Paris, France
- the rank-size rule does not work for a
country with a primate city

4. Primate Cities Positives? Negatives? Advantages of agglomeration
Large Market
High-order services
Enhanced flow of information
Centralized Transportation
Global Trade
Unequal distribution of investments, resource development, wealth
Transportation network prevents equal access to all areas
Disproportionate effect of disaster
Brain drain

5. Rank-Size Rule The larger the city-the fewer there are-
Model indicates that the population of a city or town in inversely proportional (the fraction) to its rank in the hierarchy
If largest city is 12 million then 2nd largest is 6 m. (1/2) 3rd largest is 4 m. (1/3) 4th largest is 3 m. or (1/4) 10th largest is 1.2 million
Rank-Size Rule does
Not apply to primate
Cities such as Paris,
Mexico City and so
forth
Tokyo-Shinkuju District-Tokyo now has 28 m.& stretches 45 miles-the world’s largest urban center.
Note the fraction bottom number gets larger-hence the reverse proportion.
If time permits-Hand out Road Atlas and look at Iowa or another Great Plains state where the rank size rule holds true
Rank-Size Rule:
in a model urban hierarchy, the population of the city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy. For example:
largest city = 12 million
2nd largest = 6 million
3rd largest = 4 million
4th largest = 3 million

7. First Stage-Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790-1830)
John Borchert’s “American Metropolitan Evolution”-4 Stage model of evolution
First Stage-Sail-Wagon Epoch ( )
slow, primitive overland and waterway transport-Boston, New York and Philadelphia were major cities oriented to European trade.
Canal barge pulled by a horse in England

8. Second Stage-Iron Horse Epoch (1830-1870)
John Borchert’s “American Metropolitan Evolution-4 Stage model of evolution
Second Stage-Iron Horse Epoch ( )
Diffusion of steam-powered railroads-coal mining-boomed,
tracks laid coast to coast-manufacturing spread outward from New England hearth-by 1850 New York was primate city with Pittsburgh, Detroit & Chicago growing rapidly
1830s version of the steam locomotive

9. Third Stage-Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920)
coincided with the Industrial Revolution
Steel industry in Chicago, Detroit & Pittsburgh
Coal & iron ore supply areas-northern Appalachia and Lake Superior (Mesabi) Agglomeration in raw materials and market location due to railroad. Steel replaced iron rails-safer-more powerful locomotives-larger freight cars & even refrigerated cars added.
1923 steam locomotive on narrow gauge track in Colorado Mts.

10. Railroads between
Stimulate economic growth: railroads connectivity/accessibility accelerated economic activity in cities
Migration/labor force: population increased due to increased connectivity
Corridors: cities increased in size along rail corridors due to increased connectivity
Commercial zone: industrial land use area increased to accommodate rail yards, stations, warehouses, engine shops
Cities declined:
• Bypassed cities: some cities declined that were not connected to the RR network

11. How railroads affected the form of cities
CBD growth: central business district emerged and expanded
Urban pattern: star patterns or hub-and-spoke patterns, streetcar suburbs, wider roads
Land values: real estate around passenger stations became more valuable and popular; railroads created socio-economic divisions

12. Fourth Stage-Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-1970)
Gasoline-powered internal combustion engines-truck based regional and metropolitan distribution of goods; increased automation of blue-collar jobs; shift to white-collar jobs; highways, expressways and jet aircraft made travel faster & cheaper; amenities of suburbs, Sunbelt;
New activities responded less to cost-distance factors
Freeway interchange near Los Angeles-Pasadena to Santa Monica interchange
Schiphol airport outside of Amsterdam, Netherlands

13. How highways affected U.S Urban Areas
Relocation of economic activities: services, offices, retailing centers, transportation hubs, light industry and warehousing to highway interchange areas
Suburbanization: larger suburban labor force could independently access downtowns by car without living there; contributed to decline or depopulation of city centers
Land use change: sprawl, suburban area expands as highways radiated out of city; more land area to automotive uses (e.g., parking lots, more lanes, eminent domain); divides city and creates socioeconomic divisions
Increased economic connectivity
Edge cities
Environment:
Some Cities decline due to by passes (Route 66)

14. Fifth Stage?- (1970-Now) decline of Rust belt continues;
high tech. will stimulate an even greater dispersal of city populations;
telecommuting, working from home, globalization and outsourcing change the way we work
Zenith plant in Reynosa, Mexico

15. Modern Urbanization
Southwest Asia-North Africa-great variety of urbanization.
Much of Middle East, esp. Arabian Peninsula are highly urbanized due to nucleation of the oil industry.
Jordan an exception-no oil wealth-but urban due to long tradition
Southern Arabia is oil poor and rural
Contrast-oil rich Libya is urban, oil poor Afghanistan is rural

16. Most nations in South Asia are under 30% urban India-26% Pakistan-28%
Modern Urbanization
South Asia-low in urbanization, despite huge cities like Mumbai and Calcutta
Most nations in South Asia are under 30% urban
India-26%
Pakistan-28%
Bangladesh-16%
Subsistence farming
dominates life here
Calcutta street scene

17. Southeast Asia- Singapore is the only 100% urban state
Modern Urbanization
Southeast Asia- Singapore is the only 100% urban state
Brunei & Malaysia are the only other nations with over 50% urban
Indonesia-31%
Myanmar-25%
Vietnam-20%
Thailand-19%
Subsistence farming
dominates life here
Indonesian rice paddies on terraces on the island of Bali

18. Only Japan, South Korea and Taiwan are highly urbanized in East Asia
Modern Urbanization
East Asia- Averages 36%
Only Japan, South Korea and Taiwan are highly urbanized in
East Asia
China below-25%
Yet Shanghai & Beijing
Have 25 million between
Them, however most of
China’s 1.2 m. are rural
Hong Kong street scene

19. Problems in Urban America
200 years ago only 5% of world was urbanized
Today about 50% is urban
Germany, Spain & Belgium are over 90% urban
World wide urban problems are:
pollution
poor sanitation
drugs and crime
congestion and noise
substandard housing & slums

20. Problems in Urban America
With urban sprawl and expanding suburbs-inner city shrinks
CBD is often reduced to serving just the inner metro area
As basic sector jobs leave-large cities have shifted to service industries
Loss of tax base as businesses, industries and services leave
Urban decay results
Unable to fund adequate schools, crime prevention programs, public housing and services-a downward spiral begins.
Row houses abandoned in North Philadelphia

21. Problems in Urban America
New York City a good example:
3 million people plus uncounted illegals crowd into 75 to 100 year old apartment buildings
Many buildings are worn out, rat & roach infested with high crime rates, vandalism and cases of spouse & child abuse
Yet despite the problems there is a sense of community that may be lost if the neighborhood is torn down

22. Making Cities in the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery
sharp contrast between rich and poor
- Often lack zoning laws or enforcement of zoning laws

23. The Ibero-American City
Latin American cities are growing rapidly-1950= 41% urban, % urban
CBD dominates the center with 2 main divisions-traditional market and modern high rises
A commercial spine and axis of business is surrounded by elite residential housing
Griffin-Ford model

24. The Ibero-American City
The spine is an extension of the CBD with offices, shops, high class housing, restaurants, theaters, & parks
Zone of Maturity-Middle class housing 2nd best
Zone of In Situ Accretion-high pop. Density of modest housing
Periphery-Periferico-high density shanty towns of extreme poverty and no services (favelas)
Mexico City-Paseo de Reforma a major boulevard from the CBD
Favela of Rio de Janeiro on a hillside
Unlike America cities-the poverty areas are concentrated in squatter settlements on the outskirts of town-the poorest live the farthest from the CBD

25. The African City
African cities often have 3 CBDs=Colonial, Traditional and Periodic Market Zone
Sub-Saharan Africa is the least urbanized area of the world, but the most rapidly urbanizing
No large cities to match Cairo-Kinshasa, Nairobi, Harare, Dakar, Abidjan were established by Europeans
de Blij model

26. The African City
No large cities to match Cairo-Kinshasa, Nairobi, Harare, Dakar, Abidjan were established by Europeans
South African cities-Johannesburg, Cape Town & Durbin are western cities with elements of European and American models-high rise CBDs and sprawling suburbs
Nairobi, Kenya

27. The Southeast Asian City
SE Asia-rapid growth of population & cities % urban, 1990s-29% urban
Most growth in coastal cities like Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon)
Old colonial port zone surrounds the commercial district
Unlike Western cities-no formal business zone, but separate clusters
McGee model

28. The Southeast Asian City
Singapore-Container Port
Malaysia-Kuala Lumpur-Petronas Towers-highest building in the world if you count the antenna towers
Malaysia is building a new capital city 25 miles south of Kuala Lumpur