2. Safety is an extension of a persons basic instinct for survival
What does safety mean?
Safety is an extension of a persons basic instinct for survival

3. Heinrich’s Accident Pyramid
Major Injury 1
Minor Injury 29
300
No Injury Accidents

4. Bird’s update of Heinrichs Pyramid
Serious/Fatal Injury 1
Other Injuries 10 30
Property Damage
600 No Apparent Injury or Damage
600

5. How accidents happen Lack of care Did not use common sense/stupidity
Unsafe acts
Unsafe conditions
Acts of God
Lack of supervision/ poor training
Faulty equipment

6. Safety in the workplace is everyone’s responsibility
No one persons obligations in the workplace outweigh, or supersede another person’s obligations.

7. Australian health and safety law is governed by
A framework of Acts
Regulations
Supporting Codes of Practice &
Standards
Australian health and safety law is governed by

8. Monitoring safety and maintaining a safe environment requires
The correct Implementation of
Risk Identification
Risk Assessment
Risk Control

9. Risk and hazards
Hazards can cause injury, disease, economic loss or environmental damage
Risk - possibility that something will occur; expressed in terms of probability
Risk assessment uses data, hypothesis and models to estimate probability of harm due to exposure to hazards

10. Major types of hazards Major workplace hazards may include:
Manual handling
Chemical or hazardous substances
Occupational Overuse Syndrome
Noise
Physical worksite or environmental problems
Equipment and machinery

11. Hazard Identification Steps
Job Safety Checks
Employee Consultation
Safety Audits

12. Manual handling hazards
Annual handling hazards may be caused by actions related to:
Push
Pull
Lowering
Lifting
Carrying

13. Chemical and hazardous substances
Toxic chemicals - each has specific median lethal dose
Chemicals, radiation or viruses
Hazardous chemical harm by:
Flammable or explosive
Irritation of damaging tissue
Interfering with respiration
Causing allergic reactions

14. Chemical and hazardous substances
Impact cause by
Inhalation
Ingestion
Skin or eye contact
Harm can be on:
Person (Tumors, burns, etc.)
Future generations (genes & embryos)
Environmental and lifestyle factors

15. Physical hazards
Commonly involves worksite layout, structure and equipment
Can extend beyond worksite to
Earthquakes - fracture or shift in earth’s crust deformation
Volcanoes
Floods
Storms

16. S.A.F.E. process to remove workplace hazards
Spot the hazard.
Assess the risk.
Fix the problem.
Evaluate results. 

17. Addressing external physical hazards
Reducing external physical hazards requires engineering and planning:
Examine historical records and make geological measurements and weather forecasts
Map high-risk areas
Building codes regulate design and placement of buildings
Predict possible earthquakes and natural events

18. Biological hazards
Non-transmissible diseases are not caused by living organisms; cannot spread
Transmissible diseases are caused by infectious agents (pathogens) and spread by vectors; agents include:
bacteria
virus
protozoa
parasites

19. Biological hazards Seven deadliest infectious diseases
Acute respiratory infections
HIV/AIDS
Diarrheal diseases
Malaria
Tuberculosis
Measles
Hepatitis B

20. Assessing the risk Assessing risk involves considering these factors …
How likely it is that an accident will occur
If an accident occurs, how severe would the consequences be

21. Risk analysis Identify hazards and evaluate associated risks
Rank risks
Determine options and make decisions about reducing or eliminating risks
Inform decision makers and public about risks

22. Risk assessment Determine types of hazards involved
Estimate probability that each hazard will occur
Estimate how many people are likely to be exposed to and suffer serious harm from each hazard
Statistical probabilities and forecasts

23. Comparative risk analysis
Staff and management perceptions of greatest risks may differ
Communication needs to be clear and use common language
Risk-benefit analysis – estimates must cover both risks and benefits
Immediate needs should not outweigh long-term planning

24. Risk control involves Modifying the design of the workplace by
Design or Substitution
Engineering Controls
Administration
Training Personnel
Personal Protective Equipment

25. Hierarchy of risk control
Eliminate
(Remove, phase out, redesign))
Substitute/ Change
(Change and replace)
Engineer Controls
(Renew workplace/ context)
Administrative Controls
(Change work, set maintenance new schedule, new procedures,
signage, etc.)
Protective Controls
(Protective
equipment,
clothes)

26. Workplace safety inspections
Continuous - Ongoing inspection conducted by employees as part of their job.
Periodic - Inspections scheduled to be made a regular intervals
Intermittent - Inspections made at irregular intervals.
General – inspection of places which do not receive periodic inspections

27. Points to consider when conducting inspections
Planning and preparation is critical
Who will carryout the inspection
What needs to be inspected
How often must items be inspected

28. Non-conformance investigation and reporting
Identified hazards & Incidents
Responsibilities & Actions
Consultative mechanisms (OH&S Committee)
Non-conformance
Control Measures
Record & Report s
Investigation & report
Health & Safety Assessment
New hazard
Risk re-evaluated
Problem not resolved

29. Writing safety reports
Possible recommendations
Correct the cause – options
Report hazardous conditions
Take intermediate actions