2. Agenda Out of Africa Theories Out of Africa Theories –Rise of humans The “emergence of mind” The “emergence of mind” Consider the “meaning” of being Human Consider the “meaning” of being Human Pseudoscience (intro) Pseudoscience (intro)

4. Two models for movement out from Africa Two models for movement out from Africa

5. Out of Africa 1 Multiregional model Homo erectus migrated out from Africa some 2 million to 500,000 years ago and spread across the continents. Populations of erectus then adapted to local environments and evolved into variants of Homo sapiens. Neanderthal was successful for 300,000 years but went extinct as the environment changed. Homo erectus migrated out from Africa some 2 million to 500,000 years ago and spread across the continents. Populations of erectus then adapted to local environments and evolved into variants of Homo sapiens. Neanderthal was successful for 300,000 years but went extinct as the environment changed.

6. Out of Africa 2 Replacement model Homo erectus migrated out from Africa between 2 million and 500,000 years ago and spread across continents. Local adaptations followed. The about 200,000 years ago Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa in a second wave and gradually replaced all regional populations. Neanderthal co existed with H. sapiens for 60,000 years but were driven to extinction through competition. Homo erectus migrated out from Africa between 2 million and 500,000 years ago and spread across continents. Local adaptations followed. The about 200,000 years ago Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa in a second wave and gradually replaced all regional populations. Neanderthal co existed with H. sapiens for 60,000 years but were driven to extinction through competition.

8. mtDNA studies mtDNA passed intact maternally. Assumes constant rate in mutations. Offers evidence of migrations and periods of split between groups. mtDNA passed intact maternally. Assumes constant rate in mutations. Offers evidence of migrations and periods of split between groups. mtDNAstudies help map the separation in time between human populations. mtDNAstudies help map the separation in time between human populations. Neanderthal genome has recently been mapped. See: http://genome.cshlp.org/content/20/5/547.full Neanderthal genome has recently been mapped. See: http://genome.cshlp.org/content/20/5/547.full

9. During the late Pleistocene human groups developed the use of tool making, organized into multiple family groups, experimented with different types of dwellings, tried different food gathering strategies, and probably created group memory (traditions) which aided survival. During the late Pleistocene human groups developed the use of tool making, organized into multiple family groups, experimented with different types of dwellings, tried different food gathering strategies, and probably created group memory (traditions) which aided survival.

10. The Neolithic The rise of culture and first steps toward civilization

11. Paleolithic: old stone age. Paleolithic: old stone age. First tools of stone, bone, wood. The stone tools have survived the ages and can be studied. We can only conjecture about bone and wood. See pages 141- 143, 151. Tools were in use among H. erectus and Neanderthal. First tools of stone, bone, wood. The stone tools have survived the ages and can be studied. We can only conjecture about bone and wood. See pages 141- 143, 151. Tools were in use among H. erectus and Neanderthal.

12. 100,000 years ago H. sapiens in Europe and Asia H. sapiens in Europe and Asia H. nenderthalensis in Europe and in limited areas of Middle East H. nenderthalensis in Europe and in limited areas of Middle East Important site of H. sapiens: Klassies River Mouth, a cave site in South Africa. See page 142-143. Important site of H. sapiens: Klassies River Mouth, a cave site in South Africa. See page 142-143.

13. Simple paleolithic tools

17. Klasies River Mouth Cave deposits were 20 m deep (65 feet) Cave deposits were 20 m deep (65 feet) Artifacts and ecofacts spanning early, middle, and late stone age (60,000 years of deposits). Artifacts and ecofacts spanning early, middle, and late stone age (60,000 years of deposits). Food deposits included: shell fish, seed, birds, marine shells, seals, dolphins, whales, penguins, mussels, and numerous species of mammals such as antelope, wildebeest, eland, and other deer. Food deposits included: shell fish, seed, birds, marine shells, seals, dolphins, whales, penguins, mussels, and numerous species of mammals such as antelope, wildebeest, eland, and other deer.

18. Faunal analysis Bones at Klasies river mouth strongly suggest animals were hunted and butchered. (The evidence comes from cut marks made by stone cutting tools and not from natural abrasion or animal gnawing). Bones at Klasies river mouth strongly suggest animals were hunted and butchered. (The evidence comes from cut marks made by stone cutting tools and not from natural abrasion or animal gnawing). Human burials at site provide physical evidence. Human burials at site provide physical evidence.

19. Population Difficult to determine how many individuals lived in the cave but we can say that it was occupied on and off for 60,000 years. A good shelter with easy access to resources. Difficult to determine how many individuals lived in the cave but we can say that it was occupied on and off for 60,000 years. A good shelter with easy access to resources. No evidence that the people of Klasies River Mouth ever developed a complex social structure beyond that of foraging bands. No evidence that the people of Klasies River Mouth ever developed a complex social structure beyond that of foraging bands.

20. Neanderthal Four important sites of Neanderthal: Neander River in Germany, Shanidar cave in Iraq, Qafzeh cave in Israel, and La Ferassie in France. Four important sites of Neanderthal: Neander River in Germany, Shanidar cave in Iraq, Qafzeh cave in Israel, and La Ferassie in France. These sites contain evidence of tools, burials, hunting and family grouping. These sites contain evidence of tools, burials, hunting and family grouping. No evidence Neanderthal ever developed sufficient social complexity to form large groups beyond band level. No evidence Neanderthal ever developed sufficient social complexity to form large groups beyond band level.

21. Upper Paleolithic About 40,000 years ago in Europe all traces of Neanderthal vanish. H. sapiens dominates the landscape. About 40,000 years ago in Europe all traces of Neanderthal vanish. H. sapiens dominates the landscape. Complex new forms of stone tools begin to be used. Entire tool kits are suggested by the variety, perhaps with specialized functions. Complex new forms of stone tools begin to be used. Entire tool kits are suggested by the variety, perhaps with specialized functions.

22. New technology centers on careful retouching of blades and a distinctive shape. New technology centers on careful retouching of blades and a distinctive shape. Archaeologists refer to this refined technology as Solutrean. Archaeologists refer to this refined technology as Solutrean.

23. New Technology: mesolithic During the Solutrean period we find the first use of spear throwers (atlatl), bows, arrows, eyed needles, oil lamps, rope, the use of resins as adhesives, and tools made from antlers. The first evidence of compound tools appears. During the Solutrean period we find the first use of spear throwers (atlatl), bows, arrows, eyed needles, oil lamps, rope, the use of resins as adhesives, and tools made from antlers. The first evidence of compound tools appears. Bones of domesticated dogs also appear in archaeological deposits for the first time. Bones of domesticated dogs also appear in archaeological deposits for the first time.

24. http://www.primtech.net/Summer2 003/Solutreanartifacts.htm “Laurel leaf” points/spears and knives.

25. Hafted points, cutting tools and scrapers

26. Burins and awls. Used for puncturing skins, wood and bone.

27. Such discoveries of ancient tools were thought to be evidence of trolls during the 17 th and 18 th century. Such discoveries of ancient tools were thought to be evidence of trolls during the 17 th and 18 th century. Realization that some cultural groups around the globe were using similar tools suggested that the objects were technology from the past. Realization that some cultural groups around the globe were using similar tools suggested that the objects were technology from the past.

28. The upper Paleolithic is distinguished by carved pieces of art representing animals, painted art on cave walls, and sculpted figurines of both animal and human form. The upper Paleolithic is distinguished by carved pieces of art representing animals, painted art on cave walls, and sculpted figurines of both animal and human form. During mesolithic burials increase in complexity. Grave goods are found with skeletons. During mesolithic burials increase in complexity. Grave goods are found with skeletons. Neolithic exemplifies the greatest complexity of material culture before agriculture. Neolithic exemplifies the greatest complexity of material culture before agriculture.

29. Review: Art and Magic How are art, magic, and religion related? How are art, magic, and religion related? Are these necessary precursors to civilization? Are these necessary precursors to civilization?

30. Key sites of discovery for ancient art Katanda Lascaux Altamira Santander Grotte Chauvet Dolni Vestonici

31. Important sites for Art Grotte Chauvet, France (paintings) Grotte Chauvet, France (paintings) Lascaux, France (paintings) Lascaux, France (paintings) Altamira, Spain (sculpture) Altamira, Spain (sculpture) Katanda, Africa (intricate carvings) Katanda, Africa (intricate carvings) Willendorf, Austria (carved figurines) Willendorf, Austria (carved figurines) Dolni Vestonice, Czech Republic (fired clay figurines, carved human portraits) Dolni Vestonice, Czech Republic (fired clay figurines, carved human portraits)

32. Symbol and Message See pages 158, 162-164. Mural art and portable art may have several meanings and uses. Some mural art may be attempts at sympathetic magic or can be interpreted as “history.” It may have served for special initiation rites or for teaching. See pages 158, 162-164. Mural art and portable art may have several meanings and uses. Some mural art may be attempts at sympathetic magic or can be interpreted as “history.” It may have served for special initiation rites or for teaching. Portable art may have conferred special powers or been signs of status/prestige Portable art may have conferred special powers or been signs of status/prestige

33. Lascaux, France

38. Tuc d’Audoubert, France Bison sculpted in mud.

40. Cave bear skull deposited on rock facing entrance.

41. La Madeleine, France Carved in bone.

42. Venus figure, carved from mammoth ivory Lespugne, France

43. For an interactive cave art experience http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/ lascaux/en/ http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/ lascaux/en/

44. Architecture Earliest remains of architecture are found in France. These are huts made from posts. Dated to 300,000 years ago. The site of Terra Amata revealed 40 foot long, 20 foot wide oval huts with large central posts. Opening on one end. The interior included a working surface and hearth. Earliest remains of architecture are found in France. These are huts made from posts. Dated to 300,000 years ago. The site of Terra Amata revealed 40 foot long, 20 foot wide oval huts with large central posts. Opening on one end. The interior included a working surface and hearth.

45. At Dolni Vestonice (Czech Republic) structures were subterranean and made from mammoth bones and covered with hides; dating to 25,000 years ago. The location for the collection of structures was a kill-site where remains of more than 900 mammoths have been recovered. At Dolni Vestonice (Czech Republic) structures were subterranean and made from mammoth bones and covered with hides; dating to 25,000 years ago. The location for the collection of structures was a kill-site where remains of more than 900 mammoths have been recovered.

46. Preview: First Towns next week

47. Sites of early villages and towns Jarmo Jarmo Jericho Jericho Catal Houyuk Catal Houyuk All sites are in the Near East. The Mesolithic cultures date between 11,000- 9000 bce All sites are in the Near East. The Mesolithic cultures date between 11,000- 9000 bce Groups from the region of Palestine and Jordan are referred to as the Natufian culture. Groups from the region of Palestine and Jordan are referred to as the Natufian culture.

48. Catal Houyuk Located in Anatolia (modern Turkey) Located in Anatolia (modern Turkey) Situated between important obsidian sources. Situated between important obsidian sources. The site may have first been occupied around 9000 bce (11,000 years ago). The site may have first been occupied around 9000 bce (11,000 years ago). By 7000 bce there were 2000 houses and perhaps 8000 people living together. By 7000 bce there were 2000 houses and perhaps 8000 people living together.