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Published byRoberta Fisher Modified over 9 years ago
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CRITICAL FACTORS IN DETERMINING THE ANTIGENIC COMPOSITION OF A VACCINE
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A. Its capacity to induce a protective response: -direct antibodies against external Antigen -direct both B and T cell response T cell important for intracellular parasites
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B. Strain variations: Single vs. multiple antigens – Flu would be multiple antigens, And changes with time
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2. OTHER FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN GIVING VACCINATIONS:
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A. ROUTE -oral, intramuscular, intravenous Ex. Salk vaccine – inactive, intra- Muscular. Confers protection to Brain, spinal cord, does not pro- Tect the intestines against polio Virus and does not therefore Prevent dissemination of virus.
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Sabin vaccine – live attenuated, Oral – protects intestines as well As brain and spinal cord, and does Prevent dissemination of virus
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B. TIMING: - in advance of potential exposure autumn for flu prior to schooling for early childhood diseases
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C. CONDITION OF THE PATIENT -age, genetic makeup, infection, -Pregnancy, immunosuppressive -State Ex. – if pregnant, no live agents
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D. POTENTIAL RISKS -probability of exposure Ex. – health care workers and Hepatitis B, postal workers and anthrax
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ACTIVE VS. PASSIVE VACCINATION
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1. LIVE UNATTENUATED MEANS LIVE, BUT NOT WEAKENED CLOSELY RESEMBLES ACTUAL INFECTION PROBLEM WITH FINDING SUCH AN ORGANISM
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EXAMPLES – HOG CHOLERA, SMALLPOX
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+ AND -
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2. LIVE ATTENUATED MEANS LIVE BUT WEAKENED ATTENUATED THROUGH COLD-ADAPTATION, BY GROWING IN UNNATURAL HOST
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EXAMPLES: MEASLES, MUMPS, RUBELLA, POLIO (SABIN), TUBERCULOSIS
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+ AND -
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3. INACTIVATED A POLITE WORD FOR DEAD USING HEAT, FORMALDEHYDE, METHANOL, RADIATION
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EXAMPLES: CHOLERA, PERTUSSIS, PLAGUE, INFLUENZA, POLIO (SALK)
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+ AND -
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Which of the three vaccines Needs to be the most Concentrated? Why? Live unattenuated Live attenuated Inactivated
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Which of the three vaccines Would require booster(s)? Why? Live unattenuated Live attenuated Inactivated
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4. TOXOIDS PREPARED TO PROTECT AGAINST BACTERIAL EXOTOXINS
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PREPARED BY HEATING IN FORMALIN PRECIPITATING WITH ALUM ALUM SERVES AS AN ADJUVANT
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EXAMPLES: DIPHTHERIA TETANUS
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+ AND -
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5. SUBUNIT MADE FROM A PIECE OR PART OF THE WHOLE THROUGH BIOCHEMICAL PURIFICATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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EXAMPLES: INFLUENZA, HEPATITIS B, H. INFLUENZAE PNEUMOCOCCUS MENINGOCOCCUS
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+ AND - **GLYCOSOLATION
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6. INFECTIOUS AGENTS AS CARRIERS OF GENES FOR ANTIGEN PRODUCTION GENES CODING FOR THE DESIRED EPITOPE ARE INSERTED INTO A BENIGN CARRIER – A VIRUS, BACTERIA OR YEAST
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EXAMPLES: HEPATITIS B MALARIA
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+ AND -
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7. SYNTHETIC VACCINES PRODUCING SYNTHETIC POLYPEPTIDE VACCINES THROUGH GENETIC ENGINEERING IDENTIFY AMINO ACID SEQUENCE
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OFTEN PAIR PEPTIDES WITH LIPID THIS ELICITS A STRONGER IMMUNE REPSONSE
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EXAMPLES: S. PYOGENES DIPHTHERIA, H. INFLUENZAE IN CUBA
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+ AND -
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