1. The Origin
of Humans

2. Living in the Stone Age

3. Early Discoveries

4. Are we all Africans “under the skin”????
Differing Human Migration Theories
Are we all Africans “under the skin”????

5. Stages of Early Human Development 1. 4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE
Paleolithic Age: ( Old Stone Age )
2,500,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE
2. 1,500,000 BCE ,000 BCE
,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE
4. 30,000 BCE -- 10,000 BCE

6. Examining History What is “PRE-HISTORY”?
What is the historical dating system? How has it changed?
Humans have undergone massive development over millions of year. There are 4 major groups. Guesses?
What is “PRE-HISTORY” - period before written history
Massive development of humans over years in 4 major groups: 1) Homo Habilis (2 million years ago) 2) Homo Erectus (1 million years ago) 3) Neanderthal ( years ago) 4) Cro-Magnon ( years ago)

7. Development of Humans Latin for “handy man”
1. Homo Habilis
Latin for “handy man”
2. Homo Erectus
Latin for “upright man”
3. Homo Sapiens
Latin for “reasoning man”
a) NEANDERATHAL
Neander Valley- Germany
b) CRO -MAGNON
South France- clearing away earth from back of a rock shelter locally known as Cro-Magnon
Homo Habilis
Latin for “handy man”
Discoveries in 1930s by Louis and Mary Leakey
Lived in eastern Africa > spread north to Asia
fossilized human bones found with stone tools and animal fossils
Skulls – humans had a flatter head with a brain only 2/3 size; approximately 1.5 m tall
Built shelters of braches and collected bird eggs and wild berries for food; hunted wild pigs
Tools / weapons = rocks, braches, sharp stones
No clothes
Did not know how to use fire
Homo Erectus
Latin for “upright man”
Discoveries of “Java Man” (Indonesia) and “Peking Man” (China”
Lived in Afria, south Europe, Asia
Skulls- humans had long, flat and sharply angled at back (between ape and human head)
Thighbone- identical to modern humans > walk upright
Charred animals bones found = they used fire to cook
Belief that homo erectus was a descendant of homo habilis
Make fire= first by coals or volcanic ash; later by friction= made life easier as they could survive in colder climates
Tools / weapons= bones, rocks, blades for carving, spears
Homo Sapiens
Latin for “reasoning man”
years ago= emergence of Homo Sapiens who evolved from homo erectus
is the species to which all modern day people belong
NEANDERATHAL
6 cm taller than homo erectus; thick eyebrow ridge
Tools= knives, spear sharpeners made from chipped rock
Animals hides worn as clothes
Lived in caves kept warm with fire
First to bury the dead (graves with bodies carefully prepared
CRO MAGNON
South France- clearing away earth from back of a rock shelter locally known as Cro-Magnon
First appeared in Europe years ago following ice age
Brain as large as modern day human; approx. 2 metres tall with modern “faces”
Tools= slim, sharp edge blades, chisels, knives, spearheads, lamps (stone bowl with animal grease and lit fur or moss)
Animals bones and teeth used to make musical instruments, jewellery
Cave paintings
Fierce warriors
Wiped out Neanderthals

8. Stage 1
4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE
Hominids --> any member of the family of two-legged primates that includes all humans.
Australopithecines
An Opposable Thumb

9. Stage 1 HOMO HABILIS ( “Man of Skills” ) found in East Africa.
created stone tools.

10. Stage 2
1,6000,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE
HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” )
BIPEDALISM
Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology
First hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and Asia.
First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE )

11. Stage 3
200,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE
HOMO SAPIENS ( “Wise Human Being” )
Neanderthals ( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE )
Cro-Magnons ( 40,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE )

12. Stage 3 NEANDERTHALS: Neander Valley, Germany (1856)
First humans to bury their dead.
Made clothes from animal skins.
Lived in caves and tents.

13. Stage 3
NEANDERTHALS
Early Hut/Tent

14. Stage 3 CRO-MAGNONs: Homo sapiens sapiens ( “Wise, wise human” )
By 30,000 BCE they replaced Neanderthals.
WHY???

15. Great Leap Forward
years ago when changes brought about innovation, creativity to humans (Homo Sapiens Sapiens)
2 FUNDAMENTAL CHANGES OCCURRED:
Development of modern anatomy
Beginning of innovative behaviour
EFFECTS
Production of crafted tools and more sophisticated weapons
development of trade for raw materials and ornaments
Emergence of sculptures, paintings and crafted objects that showcased beauty and religion

16. “Lithos” = stone Paleolithic Age Greek “paleo” means “old”
Upper Paleolithic age was – years ago
Neolithic Age
Greek “neo” means “new”
Neolithic Revolution occurred between 9000 – 4000 BCE
Social Structure: Paleolithic Age 1) Beginnings of closer social relationships (arranged marriages with other bands, bartering for raw materials)
2) Beginning of stratification= emergence of leadership and beginning of social classes (age, gender, experiences)
3) men were big game hunters; women captured small game
4) women & children were gatherers (approx % of diet came from roots, potatoes, fruits, berries)
5) Women made clothing from animal hides and nurtured children
Social Structure: Neolithic Age Increasing knowledge of plants and animals allowed more control of food supply
End of Ice Age brought a warmer, wetter climate which brought new wild grasses and grains
As population grew, so did the competition for land
Shift from semi-nomadic to the building of permanent towns and cities (first city was Jericho, in Mesopotamia between 8000 – 7000 BCE)
Trade by barter system was a crucial factor in the origin of cities (obsidian – a volcanic glass was one of the most valued traded materials (tools, weapons, art) would be traded for farm produce
Development of hierarchical class system
Domestication animals (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs)
More occupations emerged with more permanent cities and towns
PALEOLITHIC
Better hunting strategies due to co-operation and more lethal weapons
Better tools for skinning game, preparing food, sewing clothes
Cro-Magnons stored food over winter showing more planning
Invention of the bow and arrow around BCE made hunting more easy
NEOLITHIC
More efficient tools (sickle made of flint blades and antler; axes, hoe, copper use) which helped farm and make weapons and tools
Domestication of animals to do manual work and the planting of crops freed people from the pursuit of food
New time for leisure activities (art, music, sports, religion)

17. The Paleolithic Age Purpose??
Humans during this period found shelter in caves.
Cave paintings left behind.
Purpose??

18. The Neolithic Age Nomadic lifestyle  settled, stationery lifestyle.
“Neolithic”  “New Stone” Age
10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE
Gradual shift from:
Nomadic lifestyle  settled, stationery lifestyle.
Hunting/Gathering  agricultural production and domestication of animals.

19. Image Analysis Activity: Observation, Deduction, Hypothesis
Caves at Lascaux [lass co]
Painting at Lascaux Caves (south central France) found in BCE
Painters used irregularities in cave walls to add a 3-D effect to figures
Paintings portray an awe and reverence towards animals which shows that for the first time people were expressing religious beliefs (rituals related to hunting magic; sacrifices of animals)
The Paleolithic Age (Cro-Magnon) was the first to develop fine art as drawings
Over 100 European caves showcase CAVE PAINTINGS of deer, horses and animals which are now extinct
Beginnings of cultural explosion in art as more tools, pendants, jewellery, and sculptures/ figurines of clay, ivory and stone emerged
More advanced spiritual practices emerged as graves were found containing beads, ivory jewellery and spears made of mammoth tusks buried with bodies = this suggests a ritual burial with a view of an afterlife
Image Analysis Activity: Observation, Deduction, Hypothesis

21. Virtual Tour of Lascaux Caves

22. Image Analysis Activity: Observation, Deduction, Hypothesis
Venus of Willendorf
Small sculptures such as the Venus of Willendorf were common to the Paleolithic Age
Sculpture features exaggerated curves (large breasts and wide hips) on female figure
Venus figurines are symbolic of the importance of fertility of a mother goddess

23. Image Analysis Activity: Observation, Deduction, Hypothesis
Stonehenge is located on Salisbury Plain in England
Created BCE
Stonehenge is an example of a Neolithic megalith (megalith = Greek for “big stones”)
Exact purpose is unknown: religious rituals, agricultural markers or astronomical observatories?
Stonehenge was built in 3 major stages over 1300 years (tribal people, Beaker people, Battle Axe folk people
Megaliths stones approx. 45 t and Heel Stone is 31 t
Great debate over the positioning of the stones
stones reflect an understanding of astronomy and mathematics (positions reflect sunrise, eclipses of sun and moon
stones could be a religious ritual to sun or moon gods
Others believe stones were built to show changing seasons for agriculture
Image Analysis Activity: Observation, Deduction, Hypothesis

26. Homo sapiens sapiens in Europe

27. The Agricultural Revolution
8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE
Agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world.
SLASH-AND-BURN Farming
Middle East India Central America China Southeast Asia
8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE ,000 BCE

28. The Agricultural Revolution? ?
Development
of Agriculture ? ?

29. The Agricultural Revolution
Why do you think the development of agriculture occurred around the same time in several different places?

30. Early Settled Communities
Growing crops on a regular basis made possible the support of larger populations.
More permanent, settled communities emerged.
9,000 BCE  Earliest Agricultural Settlement at JARMO ( northern Iraq )  wheat

31. Early Settled Communities
8,000 BCE  Largest Early Settlement at Çatal Hüyük ( Modern Turkey )  6,000 inhabitants
12 cultivated crops
Division of labor
Engaged in trade
Organized religion
An obsidian dagger
Small military

32. Early Settled Communities
Çatal Hüyük

33. The Agricultural Revolution
What role did the food supply play in shaping the nomadic life of hunter-gatherers and the settled life of the farmers?

34. Why is the
"Neolithic Revolution"
a turning point
in human history??

35. What is the
next step in the
development of
human settlements??

36. RECAP: Major Innovations of the Stone Age
More complex human societies (from semi-nomadic to permanent cities; domestication of animals; leisure time)
Development of social hierarchies
Development of alliances and cooperation
Marriage customs
Development of trade goods and routes
Religious rituals
Refined sense of artistic beauty

37. ALL THESE LED TO THE FIRST “CIVILIZATION”

38. What are the
characteristics
of a civilization??

39. CIVILIZATION Advanced Cities Advanced Technology Specialized Workers
Record-
Keeping
Complex
Institutions