1. Toward Civilization

2. Objectives
To identify methods scientists use to find out about early peoples
How historians reconstruct the past
How geography and history are linked
Define: prehistory, archaeology, artifact, technology, historian, geography, latitude, longitude

3. Introduction
University of Arizona Garbage Project dug garbage from Staten Island dump
Used this to identify social norms of the recent past
Scientists use the same basic method to identify how people lived

4. How do we know?
Prehistory-long periods of time before they system of writing was developed
no cities, countries, or government
Archaeology: the study of ways of life of early people through examination physical remains (artifacts)
Technology: skills and tools use to meet the basic needs of life

5. Historians Reconstruct the Past
Historians: people who study how people lived in the past.
Rely more on written evidence than artifacts

6. Geography and History
Geography is the study of people, their environments, and the resources available to them
No resources=no life=no history
5 themes of geography: 1) location, 2) place, 3) human-environment interaction, 4) movement, 5) region

7. Location Latitude: measures distance north or south of the equator
Longitude: measures distance east or west of the Prime Meridian
Prime Meridian: an imaginary line that runs north to south through Greenwich, England

8. Place
Described in terms of their physical features(rivers, bodies of water, climate, soil quality, plant and animal life) and human characteristics

9. Human-environment Interaction
Areas where human interaction took place
irrigation and clear cutting

10. Movement
Of people, goods, ideas
followed the food

11. Region Some regions are based on physical features
The Gulf States: Persian Gulf, Middle East

12. Assignment Make a sketch of the world
Identify the longitudinal and latitudinal lines
Identify the Prime Meridian and the equator
Label the bodies of water
Copy the time line from page 2 and page 3

13. The Dawn of History

14. Objectives
To identify the advances people made during the Old Stone Age
To learn about the religious beliefs of early people
To identify why the agricultural revolution was a turning point in history
Define nomad, glacier

15. Hunters and Food Gatherers
Old Stone Age-Paleolithic Age
From the first stone tools to 10,000 B.C.
Donald Johanson found the oldest human skeleton was found in Ethiopia in 1974 (Lucy)

16. These people were nomads
Live in people groups
Adapted to their environment
Totally depended on the environment
Made tools: digging sticks, spears and axes
Faced atmospheric changes-Ice Age

17. About 30,000 years ago artists began leaving examples art on the cave walls
Small stone statues
Toward the end of the Old Stone Age people started to bury their dead with care

18. The First Farmers
Around 11,000 years ago the nomadic population had learned how to farm
This was the transition from the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic) to the New Stone Age (Neolithic)
No one knows where farming began
1st agricultural revolution began
Neolithic people also had domestic animals

19. Skara Brae, A Neolithic Village
Located on the Orkney Islands, north of Scotland
Village covers 3 classrooms
Equal status
Life=typical farmer/hunting/agricultural/fish

20. Skara Brae